GANEFO
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The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) were games were set up by Indonesia in late 1962 as a counter to the Olympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly newly independent socialist states), GANEFO made it clear in its constitution that politics and sport were intertwined; this ran against the doctrine of the International Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC decreed that athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.
As Indonesia had established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged 4th Asian Games which Indonesia hosted, the IOC's reaction was understandably hard-line. The USSR, in a show of solidarity, did send athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardize their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic caliber.
GANEFO was held in one city: Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. One was planned for Cairo, Egypt in 1967, but this was cancelled due to political considerations.
