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Haplogroup E3b (Y-DNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In human genetics, Haplogroup E3b (M35) (previously called Hg21) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup with a distribution spreading from Africa around the Mediterranean into Europe and the Middle East. It is defined by the SNP mutations M215 and M35, which are almost always found together.

E3 (defined by SNPs P2, DYS391p) is a branch of the African haplogroup E (defined by SNPs SRY4064 (SRY8299 or M40), M96, P29). The other main branch of E3 is E3a, defined by SNPs M2 (SY81) (DYS271), M180, P1, P46.

E3b is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to the Middle East during the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. From there, it traveled west with the expansion of Neolithic agriculturalists.

Outside of East Africa, its two most prevalent clades are:

  • E-M81 (E3b2; referred to as the "Berber marker," but probably arising first in East Africa[1]), which reaches frequencies of up to 80% in North Africa. It is thought of primarily as a Berber haplogroup, and is most common throughout the Maghreb region of North Africa and is absent in Europe, except for the Iberian peninsula and Sicily. It is considered to have entered the European continent as a result of Islamic domination over these regions of Southern Europe. [1]
  • E-M78 (E3b1). This was further sub-divided by Fulvio Cruciani (see Cruciani references):
    • α. The alpha cluster, considered native to Europe E3b belongs, has its highest frequencies in the Balkan Peninsula (up to 30%). It is found throughout the continent, especially Southern Europe. It is now able to be defined by SNP V13.
    • β. The beta cluster, like E-M81, is concentrated in North-western Africa. No SNP has been identified which corresponds to this cluster. The cluster is only identified on the basis of microsatellite comparison.
    • γ. The gamma cluster was found in Eastern Africa, and is now able to be replaced the haplogroup defined by SNP V32.
    • δ. The delta cluster, originally identified by Cruciani in 2004, should now be considered as mostly composed of two SNP-defined groups, on of which is V22, while the other appears to be a clade within V12.

[edit] See also

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups

Y-most recent common ancestor
|
A |
B |
C DE F
D E G H IJ K
I J L M NO P
N O Q R

[edit] References

  1. ^ S.O.Y. Keita, Explanation of the Pattern of P49a,f TaqI RFLP Y-Chromosome Variation in Egypt (2005)

[edit] External links

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