Harry Blackmun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Harry Andrew Blackmun | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| In office June 9, 1970 – August 4, 1994 |
|
| Nominated by | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Abe Fortas |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Breyer |
|
|
|
| Born | November 12, 1908 Nashville, Illinois |
| Died | March 4, 1999 Arlington, Virginia |
Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 to 1994. He is best known as the author of the majority opinion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, overturning laws restricting abortion in the United States and declaring abortion a constitutional right.
Contents |
[edit] Early years and professional career
Harry Blackmun was born in Nashville, Illinois, and grew up in Dayton's Bluff, a working-class neighborhood in St. Paul, Minnesota. He attended Harvard College on scholarship, earning a bachelor's degree in mathematics summa cum laude Phi Beta Kappa in 1929. While at Harvard, Blackmun joined Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and sang with the Harvard Glee Club. He attended Harvard Law School (among his professors there was Felix Frankfurter), graduating in 1932. He served in a variety of positions including private counsel, law clerk, and adjunct faculty at the University of Minnesota and the St Paul College of Law (now called William Mitchell College of Law). Blackmun's practice as an attorney at the law firm now known as Dorsey & Whitney focused in its early years on taxation, trusts and estates, and civil litigation. He married Dorothy Clark in 1941 and had three daughters with her. Between 1950 and 1959 Blackmun served as resident counsel for the Mayo Clinic.
[edit] Appellate bench
President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed Blackmun to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit on 4 November 1959. Blackmun's opinions on the circuit court level were mainly tax-related, although he wrote influential opinions about other matters, including Jackson v. Bishop (1968), which was probably the first appellate opinion to declare that physical abuse of prisoners was cruel and unusual punishment under the Constitution.
[edit] Blackmun's tenure on the Supreme Court
Blackmun was nominated for the Supreme Court by Richard Nixon on 4 April 1970, and was confirmed by the United States Senate later the same year. His confirmation followed contentious battles over two previous, failed nominations forwarded by Nixon in 1969-1970, those of Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell. Blackmun's nomination sailed through the Senate with no opposition on 17 May 1970.
[edit] Early years on the Supreme Court
Blackmun, a lifelong Republican, was generally expected to adhere to a conservative interpretation of the constitution. The Court's Chief Justice at the time, Warren Burger, who had been a long-time friend of Blackmun's and for whom Blackmun served as best man at his wedding, had recommended Blackmun for the job to President Richard M. Nixon. The two were often referred to as the "Minnesota Twins" (a reference to the baseball team, the Minnesota Twins) because of their common history in Minnesota and because they so often voted together. Indeed, in 1972 Blackmun joined Burger and the other two Nixon appointees to the Court in dissenting from the Furman v. Georgia decision that invalidated all capital punishment laws then in force in the United States, and in 1976 he voted to reinstate the death penalty in 1976's Gregg v. Georgia, even the mandatory death penalty statutes, although in both instances he indicated his personal opinion of its shortcomings as a policy. Blackmun, however, insisted his political opinions should have no bearing on the death penalty's constitutionality.
Initially Blackmun was slightly less conservative than Warren Burger. In the 1971-72 term he voted with Burger in over 90% of the cases and William Rehnquist in slightly under 90% of the cases. He was even slightly more conservative than Lewis Powell in their first year on the court together.
[edit] Blackmun and abortion
A turning point came in 1973. That year the Court's opinion in the case of Roe v. Wade which he authored was handed down. Roe invalidated a Texas statute making it a felony to administer an abortion in most circumstances. The Court's judgment in the companion case of Doe v. Bolton held a less restrictive Georgia law to be similarly unconstitutional. Both decisions were based on the right to privacy enunciated in Griswold v. Connecticut, and remain the primary basis for the constitutional right to abortion in the United States. Roe caused an immediate uproar, and Blackmun's opinion made him a target for criticism by opponents of abortion, receiving voluminous negative mail and death threats over the case.
In response, Blackmun became a passionate crusader for abortion rights, often delivering speeches and lectures promoting Roe v. Wade as essential to women's equality and criticizing Roe's critics. On the bench, he always voted to strike down laws interfering with women receiving abortions and filed emotional separate opinions in 1989's Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and 1992's Planned Parenthood v. Casey, warning that Roe was in jeopardy: "I am 83 years old. I cannot remain on this Court forever, and when I do step down, the confirmation process for my successor well may focus on the issue before us today. That, I regret, may be exactly where the choice between the two worlds will be made."
[edit] Transition to the left
The controversial decision had a profound effect on him, and afterwards, he gradually began to drift away from the influence of Chief Justice Warren Burger and Associate Justice William Rehnquist to increasingly side with liberal Justice William J. Brennan in finding constitutional protection for unenumerated individual rights. For example, Blackmun wrote a blistering dissent to the Court's opinion in 1986's Bowers v. Hardwick, denying constitutional protection to homosexual sodomy (Burger wrote a concurring opinion in Bowers in which he said, "To hold that the act of homosexual sodomy is somehow protected as a fundamental right would be to cast aside millennia of moral teaching.") Burger and Blackmun drifted apart, and as the years passed, their lifelong friendship degenerated into a hostile and contentious relationship. In Burger's last year on the court he and Blackmun voted together in about 50% of the cases while Blackmun voted with William Brennan and Thurgood Marshall over 90% of the time.
Blackmun's judicial philosophy increasingly seemed guided by Roe, even in areas where Roe was not directly applicable. His concurring opinion in 1981's Michael M. v. Superior Court, a case that upheld statutory rape laws that applied only to men but did not implicate Roe or abortion, nonetheless included extensive citation of the Court's recent abortion cases.
[edit] Later years on the bench: Blackmun and the death penalty
Blackmun is widely considered to have moved to the left over the years, but he himself felt that the Court changed around him, growing more conservative with the elevation of William Rehnquist to Chief Justice and the replacement of the last of the Warren Court justices.
Still, Blackmun undoubtedly changed his views on many issues. For example, Blackmun voted to uphold mandatory death penalty statutes at issue in 1976's Roberts v. Louisiana and Woodson v. North Carolina, even though these laws would have automatically imposed the death penalty on anyone found guilty of first-degree murder. But on February 22, 1994, less than two months before announcing his retirement, Blackmun announced that he now saw the death penalty as always and in all circumstances unconstitutional by issuing a dissent from the Court's refusal to hear the relatively routine death penalty case of Callins v. Collins, declaring that "[f]rom this day forward, I no longer shall tinker with the machinery of death." Subsequently, adopting the practice begun by Justices Brennan and Marshall, he issued in every death penalty case presented to the Court, a brief statement citing and reiterating his Callins dissent. As Linda Greenhouse and others have reported, Blackmun's law clerks prepared what would become the Callins dissent well in advance of the case coming before the Court; Blackmun's papers indicate that work began on the dissent in the summer of 1993, and in a memo preserved in Blackmun's papers, the clerk writing the dissent wrote Blackmun that "[t]his is a very personal dissent, and I have struggled to adopt your 'voice' to the best of my ability. I have tried to put myself in your shoes and write a dissent that would reflect the wisdom you have gained, and the frustration you have endured, as a result of twenty years of enforcing the death penalty on this Court." Having settled on a position, Blackmun and his clerks sought a case to provide an appropriate case to serve as "vehicle for [the] dissent," and settled on Callins.[1] (That the case found the dissent, rather than the more traditional relationship of the dissent relating to the case, is underscored by the opinion's almost total omission of reference to the case it ostensibly addresed: Callins is relegated to a supernumerary in his own appeal, being mentioned but five times in a forty-two paragraph opinion - three times within the first two paragraphs, and twice in footnote 2.[2]).
In his emotional dissent in 1989's DeShaney v. Winnebago County, rejecting the constitutional liability of the state of Wisconsin for four-year-old Joshua DeShaney, who was beaten until brain-damaged by his abusive father, Blackmun famously opined, "Poor Joshua!" In his dissent in 1993's Herrera v. Collins, where the Court refused to find a constitutional right for convicted prisoners to introduce new evidence of "actual innocence" for purposes of obtaining federal relief, Blackmun argued in a section joined by no other justice that "The execution of a person who can show that he is innocent comes perilously close to simple murder."
Like Justice Byron White, Blackmun had a fairly low threshold a petition had to cross for him to vote to grant certiorari (indeed, he wrote numerous dissents from denial of cert). At least partially as a result of White and Blackmun's retirements, the number of cases heard each session of the Court declined steeply. In the 1970s and early 1980s, it was not unusual for the Court to decide upwards of 150 cases a term, but by the late 1990s, the Court was typically deciding around 80 cases per term.
[edit] Post-Supreme Court
Blackmun announced his retirement from the Supreme Court in April 1994, four months before he officially left the bench. By then, he had become the court's most liberal justice. In his place, President Bill Clinton nominated Stephen Breyer who was confirmed by the Senate 87-9
On February 22, 1999, Blackmun fell in his home and broke his hip. The next day, he underwent hip replacement surgery at Arlington Hospital in Arlington, Virginia, but he never fully recovered. Ten days later, on March 4, he died at 1 a.m. from complications following the procedure. He was buried five days later at Arlington National Cemetery. His wife died several years later on July 13, 2006, at the age of 95 and was buried next to him.
Five years later, in 2004, at Blackmun's will, the Library of Congress released his voluminous files. Blackmun had kept all the documents from every case, notes the Justices passed between themselves, ten percent of the mail he received, and numerous other documents. And after Blackmun announced his retirement from the Court, he recorded a 38-hour oral history with one of his former law clerks, Yale University professor Harold Koh which was also released. In it, he discusses his thoughts on everything from his important Court cases to the Supreme Court piano, though some Supreme Court experts such as David Garrow have cast doubt on the accuracy of some of Blackmun's recollections, especially his thoughts on the Court's deliberations on Roe v. Wade.
The Blackmun papers also reveal Blackmun's heavy reliance on his law clerks. Blackmun was sometimes reduced to being "a clerk for his clerks," performing the menial and prosaic task of checking his clerks' citations on opinions that they had written for him, a job normally reserved for clerks. For example, Blackmun's widely-quoted dissent in 1986's Bowers v. Hardwick was written entirely by his law clerk Pamela Karlan, now a professor at Stanford Law School.
Based on these papers, Linda Greenhouse of The New York Times wrote Becoming Justice Blackmun.
Blackmun is the only Supreme Court justice to have played one in a motion picture. In 1997, he portrayed Justice Joseph Story in the movie Amistad.
[edit] References
- Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- Harry Blackmun profile, NNDB.
- Greenhouse, Linda (2005). Becoming Justice Blackmun. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-8057-0.
- Wrightsman, Lawrence S., and Justin R. La Mort (2005). Why Do Supreme Court Justices Succeed or Fail? Harry Blackmun as an Example. Missouri Law Review 70.
[edit] External links
- Excerpt from Blackmun's Callins opinion, and Justice Scalia's response
- NPR series on Justice Blackmun's Files
- Transcript: The Justice Harry A. Blackmun Oral History Project
- ProCon.org's Justice Blackmun Bio
| Preceded by John Benjamin Sanborn |
Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit 1959-1970 |
Succeeded by Donald Roe Ross |
| Preceded by Abe Fortas |
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States June 9, 1970 – August 3, 1994 |
Succeeded by Stephen Breyer |
