Hay

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For other senses of this word, see Hay (disambiguation).

Stacked hay in Romania

A bale of grass hay weighing approximately 70 pounds, able to be managed by one person without need for mechanized equipment

Close view of grass hay. Good quality hay should be green, not too coarse, and contain plant heads and leaves as well as stems.

Hay is dried grass or legumes cut, stored, and used for animal feed, particularly for grazing animals like cattle, horses, goats and sheep. It is fed when or where there is not enough pasture or rangeland on which to graze an animal, or when lush pasture by itself is too rich for easy digestion by the animal. Pigs may be fed hay, but they do not digest plant fiber very efficiently.

Commonly used plants for hay include mixtures of grasses such as rye grass (Italian rye grass, Lolium multiflorum), timothy, brome, fescue, coastal bermuda, orchard grass and other native species, depending on region. Many types of hay may also include legumes such as Alfalfa (lucerne) and clovers (red, white and subterraneum). Pasture flowers are also frequently a part of the mix, though other than legumes, which ideally are cut pre-bloom, flowers are not necessarily desired.

Oat, barley and wheat are occasionally seen in hay products, though more often only the stems are dried and baled after the grain is harvested, making a product called straw that is used for animal bedding and generally is considered poor animal fodder.

It is the leaf and seed material in the hay that determines its quality. Farmers try to harvest hay at the point when the seed heads are not quite ripe and the leaf is at its maximum when the grass is mowed in the field. The cut material is allowed to dry so that the bulk of the moisture is removed but the leafy material is still robust enough to be picked up from the ground by machinery and processed into storage in bales, stacks or pits.

Hay is very sensitive to weather conditions, particularly when it is harvested. In drought conditions, both seed and leaf production are stunted, making hay that has a high ratio of dry coarse stems that have very low nutritional values. If the weather is too wet, the cut hay may spoil in the field before it can be baled. Or the hay may develop rot and mold after being baled, creating the potential for toxins to form in the feed, which could make the animals sick. It also has to be stored in a manner to prevent it from getting wet. Mold and spoilage reduce nutritional value and may cause illness in animals.

The successful harvest of maximum yields of high-quality hay is entirely dependent on the co-incident occurrence of optimum crop, field, and weather conditions. When this occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become unfavourable. The "summer vacation" period when public schools would close was by tradition to enable farm children to assist in the family hay harvest, as well as the harvest of other crops. This tradition is entrenched to the present day, even though only a very small fraction of school-aged children today in developed countries live on livestock farms.

1 Making and transporting hay
- 1.1 Early methods
- 1.2 Modern mechanised baling
2 Safety issues
3 History
4 References
5 See also
6 External links

[edit] Making and transporting hay

Late 19th century hay boat with square bales

[edit] Early methods

Up to the end of the 19th century, grass and clover were not often grown together because crops were rotated. However, in the growing season, usually spring, farms produced more fodder than the animals could consume. Some fields were "shut up" for hay. Just as the leafy material was at a maximum in the pasture, immediately before the grasses flowered if judged correctly, the pasture was cut. Much of it was still being cut by scythe by teams of men. Later, this would be done by horse-mower and, from the 1930s onward, by tractor. By the 1930s, good pasture management meant that highly productive pastures were a mix of grasses and legumes, so compromises were made when it was time to mow. Later still, some farmers grew crops, like straight alfalfa (lucerne), for special-purpose hay such as that fed to dairy cattle.

During the drying period of several days, the process could be speeded, and the effects of rain accounted for, by turning the cut sward over. At first this was done by hand with a fork or rake, later with tractor drawn rakes. Drying can be further hastened with the use of a tedder, a machine that fluffs and spreads the cut grass. This process is called tedding.

Subsequently the dried hay was raked or "rowed up" by raking it into a linear heap by hand or by machine. As it was being rowed up the hay was gathered by another team. In early days, this was done by forking it into a horsedrawn cart or dray or onto a truck, later by a sweep attached to a car, truck or tractor. Alternatively, the loose hay could be put into stooks or sheafs for drying before being collected.

Loose hay was taken to an area designated for stacking—usually a slightly raised area for drainage—and built into a hay stack. The stack was made waterproof as it was built (a task of considerable skill) and the hay would compress under its own weight and cure by the release of heat from the residual moisture in the hay and from the compression forces. The stack was fenced from the rest of the paddock. When needed the haystack would be cut open, using a hay-knife, and some would be fed out to animals each day. Depending on the area, the hay stack could be supported by an internal structure or by under a movable roof that could be lowered as hay was removed.

On some farms the loose hay was stored in a shed or barn, normally in such a way that it would compress down and cure. Hay could be stored in the second floor of the barn above the animals or in a specially designed barn with little internal structure to allow more room for the hay.

Confusingly, the term hay rick could refer to the machine for cutting hay, the hay stack or the wagon used to collect the hay.

[edit] Modern mechanised baling

Round hay baler

Mobile balers, machines which gather and bale the hay in one process, were first developed around 1940. The early balers produced rectangular bales small enough for a person to lift, usually between 70 and 100 pounds each. The size and shape made it possible for people to pick these bales up, stack them on a vehicle for transport to a storage area, then build a haystack. Loaders and stackers were also developed to mechanise the transport of small bales from the field to the haystack. Since rain washes nutrition out of the hay and can cause spoilage or mold, hay in small bales is often stored in a hayshed or protected by tarpaulins.

Round bales compress hay more tightly

Many farmers, particularly those who feed large herds, have moved to balers which produce much larger bales, maximizing the amount of hay which is protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types, round and square. Square bales, which can weigh up to 1000kg (2,200 lbs), can be stacked and are easier to transport on trucks. Round bales, which are typically weigh 300-400kg (700-900 lbs), are more moisture-resistant, and pack the hay more densely (especially at the center). The ratio of volume to surface area makes it possible for many dry-area farmers to leave large bales outside until they are consumed. Wet-area farmers and those in climates with heavy snowfall have developed plastic wrap that encloses bales left outside.

Round bale with wrap to keep out moisture

Many people who own small numbers of livestock, particularly horses, still prefer small bales that can be handled without machinery. There is also a risk that hay baled while still too damp can produce mold inside the bale, or decaying carcasses of small creatures that were accidentally killed by baling equipment and swept up into the bales can produce toxins such as botulism. Both can be deadly to non-ruminant herbivores, such as horses, and the whole contaminated bale should not be fed at all, another reason some livestock owners continue to support the market for small bales.

[edit] Safety issues

Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If the hay was baled from moist grass, the heat produced can be enough to set the haystack on fire. Even today, farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid this "spontaneous combustion", because haystack fires can be very dangerous.^[1]

Large round hay bales present a danger to those who handle them because they can weigh over a thousand pounds and cannot be moved without specialized equipment. From 1992 to 1998, 74 farm workers in the United States were killed in large round hay bale accidents, usually when they were being moved from one location to another, such as when feeding livestock.^[2]. The state of Minnesota, especially, is affected - of those 74 farm workers killed by large round bales, seven alone were in Minnesota^[3].

[edit] History

From the 1881 Household Cyclopedia

"Instead of allowing the hay to lie, as usual in most places, for some days in the swath after it is cut, never cut hay but when the grass is quite dry, and then make the gatherers follow close upon the cutters: put it up immediately into small cocks about three feet high each, and of as small a diameter as they can be made to stand with; always giving each of them a slight kind of thatching, by drawing a few handsful of the hay from the bottom of the cock all round and laying it lightly upon the top, with one of the ends hanging downwards. This is done with the utmost ease and expedition; and when once in that state the hay is, in a great measure, out of danger; for unless a violent wind should arise immediately after the cocks are put up, nothing else can hurt the hay; as no rain, however violent, can penetrate into these cocks but for a very little way; and if they are dry put up they never sit together so closely as to heat, although they acquire, in a day or two, such a degree of firmness as to be in no danger of being overturned by wind after that time, unless it blows a hurricane.

Two men loading hay on a truck, Massachusetts, 1936

"In these cocks allow the hay to remain until upon inspection, the farmer judges it will keep in pretty large tramp-cocks (which is usually in a week or two, according as the weather is more or less favorable), when two men, each with a long-pronged pitchfork, lift up one of these small cocks between them with the greatest ease, and carry them one after another to the place where the tramp cock is to be built, and in this manner proceed over the field till the whole is finished.

Haystacks on stilts in Paddy fields, North Kanara, India

"ANOTHER METHOD:

"The clover is cut, and after it has lain four or five days in the swath, till it is sufficiently dry, the haymaker, with a rake, rolls up a sufficient quantity to form a ripple, which is set up in the form of a cone. Taking a few of the longest straws he twists them round the top, which forms the point of the cone, keeps the ripple compact, and shoots off the rain. In taking up the clover from the swath and forming the ripple, it is necessary to keep the upper or dry part inwards: by that means it is much sooner dry, and in a fit state for the stack. It is generally necessary for clover to remain five or six days in the ripple before it is put into the stack, but that depends on the state of the weather. There is no occasion to untie the ripples. The method of rippling is not so expensive as cocking; it is much superior both in wet and dry seasons—not so liable to be injured by the wet—much sooner dry, and of course of a better quality and more nourishing for cattle. Each ripple will weigh, when dry, about four or five pounds. They should not be made too large. Except where meadow grass is very long it would not be practicable to ripple it. The practice of rippling is simple, attended with little trouble or expense, and whenever tried will recommend itself:

"Grass, when cut for hay, ought to be quickly raked, in order that its powers may neither be exhausted by the sun nor dissipated by the air. In the first stage small cocks are preferable, and on after days these may be gathered into large ones or hand-ricks, by which method the hay is equally made and properly sweetened. After standing eight or ten days in these ricks, according to the nature of the weather, hay may be carted home and built in stacks of sufficient size for standing through the winter months."