Hazor (archaeological site)

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For other uses, see Hazor.

**Biblical Tells – Megiddo, **Hazor**, Beer Sheba**¹
**UNESCO World Heritage Site**

State Party	Israel
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, iv, vi
Identification	#1108
Region²	Europe and North America
Inscription History
Formal Inscription:	2005 29th WH Committee Session
WH link:	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1108
1 Name as officially inscribed on the WH List 2 As classified officially by UNESCO

Hazor (Hebrew: חצור), the archeological remains of which are the largest and richest known in modern Israel, was an ancient city located in the upper Galilee, north of the Sea of Galilee, between Ramah and Kadesh, on the high ground overlooking Lake Merom. In modern times, the site has been subject to several excavations, beginning in 1955 with those funded by James A. de Rothschild, which were published in a dedicated five volume set of books by the Israel Exploration Society. In 2005, the remains of Hazor were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of the Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba.

1 Canaanite Hazor
2 Israelite Hazor
3 Citations and Notes
4 External links

[edit] Canaanite Hazor

During the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period and early New Kingdoms (together running between 18th century BC and 13th century BC), Canaan was an Egyptian vassal state, and thus 14th century documents, from the El Amarna archive in Egypt, describe Hazor's king at the time, Abdi-Tirshi, as swearing loyalty to the Egyptian Pharaoh. In these documents Hazor is described as an important city in Canaan. Hazor is also mentioned in 18th century BCE documents found in Mari on the Tigris River.

According to the Book of Joshua Hazor was the seat of Jabin, a powerful Caananite king that lead a Canaanite confederation against Joshua, but was defeated by Joshua, who burnt Hazor to the ground.^[1] According to the Book of Judges Hazor was the seat of Jabin, the king of Caanan, whose commander, Sisera, lead a Canaanite army against Barak, but was ultimately defeated.^[2] Textual scholars believe that the prose account of Barak, which differs from the poetic account in the Song of Deborah, is a conflation of accounts of two separate events, one concerning Barak and Sisera like the poetic account, the other concerning Jabin's confederation and defeat.^[3] In addition, textual scholars think that the Book of Judges and Book of Joshua are parallel accounts, referring to the same events, rather than describing different time periods,^[3]^[4] and thus that they refer to the same Jabin, a powerful king based in Hazor, whose Canaanite confederation was defeated by an Israelite army.^[5]

Aerial photo of Tel Hazor.

The Chambered Gate from the days of Solomon.

The "House of Pillars".

The Water Tunnel.

An increasing majority of archaeologists believe that the Israelites emerged simply as a subculture within Canaanite society, and thus that the Israelite conquest of Canaan didn't actually happen;^[6] most biblical scholars believe that the Book of Joshua conflates several independent battles between disparate groups, over multiple centuries, and artificially attributes them to a single leader - Joshua.^[3] Nevertheless, one archaeological stratum, dating from around 1200BC, shows signs of catastrophic fire, and cuneiform tablets found at the site refer to monarchs named Ibni, which may be the etymological origin of Jabin.^[6] The city also show signs of having been a magnificent Canaanite city prior to its destruction, with great temples and opulent palaces,^[6] split into an upper acropolis, and lower city; the town evidently had been a major Canaanite city.

However, the cuneiform tablets mentioning Ibni date from the Middle Bronze (2000-1550BC) age, much earlier than the destruction layer, which itself differs substantially in date from the Late Bronze Age destructions of Aphek, Lachish, and Megiddo; thus these cities cannot have been destroyed by a single army lead by a single individual in a single campaign (as the Book of Joshua would have it), due to the time period involved.^[6] Archaeologists suspect that the real reason for the destruction of Hazor could simply be civil strife, attacks by the Sea Peoples, and/or a result of the general collapse of civilisation across the whole eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age.^[6]

[edit] Israelite Hazor

The archaeological remains suggest that some time after its destruction, the city of Hazor was rebuilt as minor village. According to the Books of Kings, the town, along with Megiddo, and Gezer, was later substantially fortified and expanded by Solomon.^[7] Like those at Megiddo, and Gezer, the remains at Hazor show that during the Early Iron Age the town gained a highly distinctive six chambered gate, as well as a characteristic style to its administration buildings; archaeologists have become convinced that these constructions at Hazor were built by the same leadership as those at Megiddo and Gezer.^[6] By reference to the Books of Kings, archaeologists initially concluded that these remains verified the Biblical claims - that they were constructed on the orders of Solomon - though this has since been criticised as determining history by ideology, rather than by the facts on the ground.^[6]

More recent analysis of the architectural style and pottery features in the archaeological levels associated with the six chambered gates, and administration buildings, at these three sites, indicates that these structures actually date to the early 9th century BC, during the reign of the Omrides rather than Solomon.^[6] Refined carbon dating technology has also dated the structures to this later date.^[6] Archaeologists have proposed that due to religious prejudice by the Biblical authors against the Omrides (who were polytheist), the great achievements of the Omrides were instead ascribed to a mythical or semi-mythical Solomon.^[6]

Yigael Yadin, one of the earliest archaeologists to have worked on the site, saw certain features as clearly being Omride; Megiddo, Gezer, and Hazor, all feature deep rock cut pits, from the base of which were rock cut tunnels leading to a well that reached the water table, as water-supply systems, which Yadin attributed to the rule of Ahab;^[6] Yadin also attributed to Ahab a citadel, measuring 25 x 21 m, with two-meter thick walls, which was erected in the western part of Hazor. However, Yadin's dating was based on the assumption that the layer connected with the gates and administration buildings were built by Solomon, and thus most archaeologists now date the citadel and rock cut water system much later.^[6]

Archaeological remains indicate that towards the later half of the 9th century BC, when the king of Israel was Jehu, Hazor fell into the control of Aram Damascus.^[6] Most archaeologists suspect that subsequent to this conquest, unmentioned by the Bible, was a sustained period of occupation by the Aramaean forces; the remains indicate that Hazor was rebuilt shortly after its conquest by Aram, probably as an Aramaean city.^[6] When the Assyrians later defeated the Aramaeans, Hazor seemingly returned to Israelite control; Assyrian records indicate that Joash, the king of Israel at the time, had paid tribute to Assyria and Israel had become an Assyrian vassal.^[6] Subsequently, the town, along with the remainder of the kingdom of Israel, entered a period of great prosperity, particularly during the rule of Jeroboam II; most archaeologists now attribute the later large scale constructions at Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer, including the rock cut water supply systems, to this era.

Israel's attempted rebellion against Assyrian domination resulted in an invasion by the forces of the Assyrian ruler, Tiglath-Pileser III; the evidence on the ground suggests that hasty attempts were made to reinforce the defences of Hazor.^[6] Despite the defences, in 732 BC Hazor was captured, its population deported,^[6]^[8] and the city was burnt to the ground.^[6]

[edit] Citations and Notes

^ Joshua 11:1-5, 11:10-13
^ Judges 4
^ ^a ^b ^c Peake's commentary on the Bible
^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Book of Joshua, Book of Judges
^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Jabin
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed
^ 1 Kings 9:15
^ 2 Kings 15:29

The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor. An Account of the Second Season of Excavation, 1956. Y.Yadin et al. (editors)
The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor. An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavation, 1957-1958. A. Ben-Tor
The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor. An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavations, 1968. A. Ben-Tor and R. Bonfil (editors)