Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham

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Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (4 September 1454 – 2 November 1483) played a major role in Richard III of England's rise and fall. He is also one of the primary suspects in the disappearance (and presumed murder) of the Princes in the Tower. Buckingham was related to the royal family of England so many different ways that he was his own cousin many times over, but his connections were all through daughters of younger sons. His chances of inheriting the throne would have seemed remote, but eventually the internecine conflicts among the descendants of Edward III of England and within the Houses of Lancaster and York brought Buckingham within striking distance of the crown. Some historians claim Buckingham's deliberate plotting to seize the throne started as early as the reign of Edward IV, and if they are correct then his elaborate and lengthy plan very nearly succeeded.

Contents 1 Ancestry 2 Early life 3 Reign of Richard III 4 The Bohun Estate 5 The Princes in the Tower 6 Relationship to Edward III 7 Important relatives 8 The Ancestry of Henry Stafford 9 Children 10 External links

[edit] Ancestry

Buckingham was born in 1454 during the reign of Henry VI. He was the only known son of Humphrey, Earl Stafford and Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford.

His paternal grandparents were Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Anne Neville. His maternal grandparents were Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Eleanor Beauchamp.

The first Duke of Buckingham was son to Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and Anne of Gloucester. Anne Neville was a daughter of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland. The Duke of Somerset was son to John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Margaret Holland. Eleanor Beauchamp was daughter to Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and Elizabeth Beauchamp, 4th Baroness Lisle.

Anne of Gloucester was the eldest daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Eleanor de Bohun. Both the first Earl of Somerset and Joan Beaufort were children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his mistress Katherine Swynford. Margaret Holland was a daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice Fitzalan.

John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock were brothers, both sons of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Thomas Holland was a son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Joan of Kent. Alice Fitzalan was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster.

Joan of Kent was a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent and Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell. Eleanor of Lancaster was a daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth.

Edmund of Woodstock was a son of Edward I of England by his second wife Marguerite of France. Henry of Lancaster was son of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster and Blanche of Artois.

Edmund Croochback was the second surviving son of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence.

Buckingham was a maternal descendant of the House of Plantagenet and cousin of one degree or the other to most of its surviving members and descendants.

[edit] Early life

His father, Humphrey, Earl Stafford, supported the House of Lancaster in the initial phase of the Wars of the Roses. He was killed at the First Battle of St Albans (22 May 1455) when Henry was an infant, and his paternal grandfather, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, another leading Lancastrian, was killed five years later, at the Battle of Northampton (10 July 1460).

In 1465, at the age of 11, Henry was recognized as Duke of Buckingham. The new Duke eventually became a ward of Queen Elizabeth Woodville, consort of Edward IV of England. The next year he was married to her sister Catherine Woodville — she was 24.

Buckingham never forgave Elizabeth for forcing him into that marriage, and he resented his wife and the other Woodvilles, as well. When Edward IV died in 1483, and the Woodvilles struggled with Edward's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, over the guardianship of the young Edward V, Buckingham first sided with Richard.

Parliament subsequently declared Edward V illegitimate offering Richard the throne, and he accepted it, becoming Richard III. After initially supporting Richard, Buckingham subsequently started working with John Morton, Bishop of Ely, in support of Buckingham's second-cousin Henry Tudor against the King, even though this placed him on the same side as his Woodville in-laws.

[edit] Reign of Richard III

When Henry Tudor tried to invade the Kingdom of England to take the throne from Richard in October 1483, Buckingham raised an army in Wales and started marching east to support Henry. By a combination of luck and skill, Richard put down the rebellion: Henry's ships ran into a storm and had to go back to Brittany, and Buckingham's army was greatly troubled by the same storm and deserted when Richard's forces came against them. Buckingham tried to escape in disguise but was turned in for the bounty Richard had put on his head, and he was convicted of treason and beheaded in Salisbury on 2 November. Following Buckingham's execution, his widow, Catherine, married Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford.

[edit] The Bohun Estate

Buckingham's motives in these events are disputed. His antipathy to Edward IV and his children probably arose from two causes. One was his dislike for their mutual Woodville in-laws, whom Edward greatly favoured. Another was his interest in the Bohun estate. Buckingham had inherited a great deal of property from his great-great-grandmother, Eleanor de Bohun, wife of Thomas of Woodstock and daughter of the Earl of Hereford, Essex and Northampton.

Eleanor's younger sister and co-heir Mary de Bohun married Henry Bolingbroke, who eventually became Henry IV, and her share of the de Bohun estates became incorporated into the holdings of the House of Lancaster, being eventually inherited by Henry VI. When Henry VI was deposed by Edward IV, Edward appropriated that half into the Crown property under the House of York.

Buckingham claimed those lands should have been devolved to him instead, and it is likely that Richard III promised to settle the estate on Buckingham in return for his help seizing the throne. Indeed, after Richard's coronation he did award the other half of the Bohun estate to Buckingham, but it was conditional on the approval of Parliament. Historians disagree on whether this condition was in fact a way for Richard to appear to keep his promise while actually breaking it, but this may have been a motivation for Buckingham to turn against Richard.

[edit] The Princes in the Tower

Richard III is alleged to have consolidated his power by eliminating his brother's children, who preceded him in succession to the throne. However, there is some question about Buckingham's relationship to the disappearance of the Princes in the Tower. According to a manuscript discovered in the early 1980s in the College of Arms collection, the Princes were murdered "be [by] the vise" of the Duke of Buckingham. There is some argument over whether "vise" means "advice" or "devise," and, if the former, in what sense; for a discussion of the matter, see the article by Richard Firth Green, who discovered the manuscript, in the English Historical Review of 1981.

If Richard was responsible for killing the Princes in the Tower, the murders may have caused Buckingham to change sides. On the other hand, Buckingham himself had motivation to kill the Princes, being a Lancastrian contender for the throne with a viable claim potentially equivalent to that of Henry Tudor, depending on one's view of the legitimacy of the Tudor branch of the House of Lancaster. According to this perspective, if Buckingham killed the Princes and blamed Richard, he could foment a Lancastrian rebellion, putting the throne into play with only Henry Tudor as a rival. Indeed, a Lancastrian rebellion followed, but it was Henry Tudor who succeeded in deposing Richard III.

[edit] Relationship to Edward III

Three of Buckingham's four grandparents were descended from Edward III of England:

• Buckingham's paternal grandfather was Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who was the grandson and senior descendant of Thomas of Woodstock, youngest son of Edward III.
• Buckingham's paternal grandmother Anne Neville was a granddaughter of John of Gaunt through his daughter Joan Beaufort, making her a great-granddaughter of Edward III.
• Buckingham's maternal grandfather Edmund Beaufort was a grandson of John of Gaunt, the youngest son of his son John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset.
• Buckingham's maternal grandmother Eleanor Beauchamp was descended from a daughter of William Marshal but not from Edward III.
• Buckingham's grandparents Anne Neville and Edmund Beaufort were also first cousins for their respective parents Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort were sister and brother.

[edit] Important relatives

Buckingham was the son of Humphrey, Earl Stafford and Margaret Beaufort. Four of Buckingham's first and second cousins became King of England, and two of his second cousins became Queen:

• Edward IV and his brother Richard III were Buckingham's first cousins once removed. Buckingham's father Humphrey, Earl Stafford, was son of Anne Neville (~1411-1480). Anne's sister Cecily, Duchess of York was the mother of Edward IV and Richard III. Edward's son Edward V was thus Buckingham's second cousin, as was the younger Edward's sister Elizabeth of York, later wife and Queen Consort of Henry VII of England.

• Henry Tudor, later King Henry VII was Buckingham's second cousin. Buckingham's mother was Margaret Beaufort (~1427-1474), daughter of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Margaret's first cousin, also named Margaret Beaufort (1443-1509) was the mother of Henry VII, the latter Margaret being the daughter of the 1st Duke of Somerset.

• Anne Neville, in line to become Queen as the wife of Lancastrian Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, eventually did become Queen as the wife of Richard III of England. Her paternal grandfather Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury was the brother of Buckingham's paternal grandmother (also named Anne Neville) making Buckingham the Queen's second cousin.

If you look on the ancestral chart below you will see that two of his great-grandparents were brother and sister (John Beaufort and Joan Beaufort). This made Buckingham's parents second cousins.

[edit] The Ancestry of Henry Stafford

Henry Stafford	Humphrey Stafford, 7th Earl of Stafford	Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham	Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford
			Anne of Gloucester
		Anne Neville	Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
			Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland
	Margaret Beaufort	Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset	John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
			Margaret Holland
		Eleanor Beauchamp	Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
			Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess of Warwick

[edit] Children

Buckingham and his wife Catherine Woodville were parents to four children:

• Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (3 February 1478 - 17 May 1521). Executed by order of Henry VIII of England.
• Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex. Married Robert Radclyffe, 1st Earl of Sussex and was mother to Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex and grandmother of Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex.
• Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (c. 1479 - March, 1522/1523).
• Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon. Married George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and was mother to Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon and grandmother to both Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon.

[edit] External links

• Listed among other members of the Stafford family, with their genealogies clarified

Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of Buckingham	Lord High Constable 1460–1483	Succeeded by The Lord Stanley
Peerage of England
Preceded by Humphrey Stafford	Duke of Buckingham 1460–1483	Succeeded by Forfeit (restored in 1485 for Edward Stafford)