Hetzer

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Jagdpanzer 38(t)
A JPz 38(t) at the Texas Military Forces Museum in Austin, Texas (USA)
Specifications
Weight	15.75 tonnes
Length	6.38 m
Width	2.63 m
Height	2.17 m
Crew	4

Armour	8 - 60 mm
Primary armament	1x 7.5 cm PaK 39 L/48 41 rounds
Secondary armament	1× 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 1200 rounds
Engine	petrol 160 hp (120 kW)
Power/weight	10 hp/tonne
Suspension	leaf spring
Operational range	177 km
Speed	42 km/h

The Jagdpanzer 38(t) (Sd.Kfz. 138/2), after World War II known as Hetzer ("baiter"), was a German tank destroyer of the Second World War based on a modified pre-war Czechoslovakian Panzer 38(t) chassis.

The name "Hetzer" was at the time not commonly used for this vehicle. It was the designation for a related prototype, the E-10. The Skoda factory for a very short period confused the two names in its documentation and the very first unit equipped with the vehicle thus for a few weeks applied the incorrect name until matters were cleared. However there exists a memorandum from Heinz Guderian to Hitler incorrectly claiming that an unofficial name, Hetzer, had spontaneously been coined by the troops. Post-war historians basing themselves on this statement made the name popular in their works. It was never the official name like the other animal names were.

[edit] Development

The Jagdpanzer 38(t) was intended to be more cost-effective than the much more ambitious Jagdpanther and Jagdtiger designs of the same period. Using a proven chassis, it avoided the mechanical problems of the larger armoured vehicles.

It was better armored than the earlier Panzerjäger Marder and Nashorn with a sloped armour front plate of 60 mm sloped back at 60 degrees from the vertical (equivalent in protection to about 180 mm), carried a reasonably powerful gun, was mechanically reliable and small and easily concealed. It was also cheap to build. Its main failings were the cramped working condition of the crew and the gun mounting, which had a more limited traverse to the left.

The Jagdpanzer 38(t) succeeded the Marder III (based on the same chassis) in production from April 1944; about 2584 were built until the end of the war. Its purpose was to equip the Panzerjägerabteilungen (tank destroyer battalions) of the infantry divisions, giving them some limited mobile anti-armour capability. After the war Czechoslovakia continued to build the type and exported 158 vehicles to Switzerland. Most vehicles in today's collections are of Swiss origin.

Also, by special order of Adolf Hitler in November 1944, a number of Jagdpanzer 38(t)s were refurbished straight from the factory with a Keobe flamethrower and accompanying equipment instead of the normal gun. The flame projector was encased in a metal shield reminiscent of that of a gun barrel, and easily prone to damage. Less than 50 of these vehicles, designated Flammpanzer 38 were completed before the end of the war, but they were used operationally against Allied forces on the Western Front.

Further variants were a Hetzer carrying the 150mm sIG33/2 Howitzer, of which 30 were produced before the end of the war, and the Bergepanzer 38(t)Hetzer, a light recovery vehicle of which 106 were produced. Plans were made to produce other variants, including an assault gun version of the Hetzer carrying a 105mm main cannon, and an anti-aircraft variant mounted with a flak turret. The war ended before these proposed models were put into production.

[edit] Performance

The Jagdpanzer 38(t) fitted into the lighter category of German tank destroyers that began with the Panzerjäger I, continued with the Marder series and ended with the Jagdpanzer 38(t). Its gun (the 75 mm gun fitted was the same as the late Panzer IV marks) could destroy most opponents at reasonable range - 700m for a T-34 - and the fully-enclosed armor protection made it a much safer vehicle to crew than the Marder II or Marder III series.

The Jagdpanzer 38(t) is one of the most common late-war German tank destroyers. It was, crucially, available in numbers that made it significant, and was generally mechanically reliable. Also, its small size made it a hard target, and was easy to conceal allowing it to lie in ambush for enemy tanks.

The Jagdpanzer 38(t)'s weaknesses were its very limited gun traverse, poor internal ergonomics and poor visibility. The gun traverse was so limited the entire vehicle sometimes needed to be turned to track a fast-moving target. The gun was designed to be loaded from the right but was also placed on the far right of the vehicle, making operation difficult for the gunner and loader and leading to a lower rate of fire than would be ideal. The confines of the vehicle were also very cramped with four men squeezed into the small machine. The commander sat far back in the vehicle, with a flat roof to his front and without a cupola. Thus his visibility was limited when the vehicle was even slightly elevated in front, for example, in a classic hull-down position.

Polish-captured JPz 38(t) on a barricade during the Warsaw Uprising

JPz 38(t) in museum at CFB Borden in Ontario, Canada

The JPz 38(t) on display at Imperial War Museum Duxford

German armored fighting vehicles of World War II
Tanks
Panzer I \| Panzer II \| Panzer III \| Panzer IV \| Panther \| Tiger I, II \| Panzer 35(t) \| Panzer 38(t)
Self-propelled artillery
Wespe \| Hummel \| Grille \| Panzerwerfer \| sIG 33 \| Wurfrahmen 40
Assault guns
StuG III \| StuG IV \| StuH 42 \| Brummbär \| Sturmtiger
Tank destroyers
Panzerjäger I \| Marder I , II , III \| Hetzer \| Jagdpanzer IV \| Jagdpanther \| Nashorn \| Jagdtiger \| Elefant
Half-tracks	Armored cars
SdKfz 4 \| 6 \| 7 \| 10 \| 11 \| 250 \| 251 \| 252 \| 253 \| 254	Sdkfz 221/22/23 \| Sdkfz 231/32/34/63 \| ADGZ
Self propelled anti-aircraft
Flakpanzer IV: Möbelwagen, Wirbelwind, Ostwind, Kugelblitz \| Flakpanzer 38(t)
Prototypes
Maus \| E- series \| Panther II \| Waffenträger \| Neubaufahrzeug
Proposed designs
Panzer VII 'Löwe' \| Panzer IX \| Panzer X \| Ratte \| Monster
German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II