History of Canada (1982-1992)
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Contents |
[edit] The New constitution
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| This article is part of the series: History of Canada |
| New France |
| Canada under British Imperial Control (1764-1867) |
| Post-Confederation Canada (1867-1914) |
| Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years |
| History of Canada (1945-1960) |
| History of Canada (1960-1981) |
| History of Canada (1982-1992) |
| History of Canada (1992-Present) |
| Military history |
| Economic history |
| Constitutional history |
| Timeline |
In 1982 Britain passed the Canada Act, repatriating the Constitution of Canada. Previously, the Constitution has existed only as an act passed by the British parliament, and was not even physically located in Canada. Trudeau also added the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which had also not previously existed in Canada in a true legal sense. It was also controversial, and in order for it to be accepted, Trudeau had to include the notwithstanding clause in Section 33, allowing the federal or provincial governments to override certain sections if and when they found it necessary to do so. There is still ongoing debate over the merits of the new constitution, although it is generally accepted as an improvement over the former dependence on the British parliament to make amendments. The new constitution was Trudeau's last major act as Prime Minister. He resigned in 1984.
[edit] Air India Disaster
On June 23, 1985, Air India Flight 182 exploded while at an altitude of 31,000 feet (9500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland; all 329 on board were killed, of whom 82 were children and 280 were Canadian citizens.
Up until September 11, 2001, the Air India bombing was the single deadliest terrorist attack involving aircraft. It is also the largest mass murder in Canadian history.
[edit] Brian Mulroney and Kim Campbell
Brian Mulroney came to power in the 1984 election, and quickly restored friendlier relations with the United States, which had been strained during Trudeau's time as Prime Minister. Prime Minister Mulroney's major focus was the establishment of free trade with the US, a very controversial topic. Eventually, the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement was singed in January of 1988.
Mulroney also worked to appease the sovereignty movement in Quebec. In 1987, he attempted to draft the Meech Lake Accord, amending the 1982 constitution so that it would be acceptable to Quebec, which had not yet signed it. However, the Meech Lake Accord failed to be ratified by all provinces.
In 1989, the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Mulroney proposed the creation of a national sales tax on goods and services (GST). The proposal was an instant controversy; a large proportion of the Canadian population was irritated and disapproved of the tax. Despite protests from the other parties, and even members of Mulroney's own caucus, the GST was introduced on January 1, 1991. The political ramifications of the GST were severe. It contributed to the Mulroney government becoming one of the least popular in Canadian history.
[edit] École Polytechnique massacre
On December 6, 1989, Marc Lépine entered the École Polytechnique in Montreal. He went into an engineering class, separated the men from the women, forced out the men at gunpoint, began to scream about how he hated feminists, and then opened fire on the women. Lépine continued his rampage in other parts of the building, opening fire on other women he encountered. He killed 14 women (13 students and one employee of the university) and injured thirteen others before committing suicide. The massacre profoundly shocked citizens of Quebec and Canada. The Quebec government and the Montreal city government declared three days of mourning.
Initial news reports did not note that all 14 victims were women. When Lépine's motive became clear, the event served as a massive spur for the Canadian feminist movement and for action against violence against women. In 1991 Parliament officially designated December 6 as the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women.
[edit] Oka Crisis
The Oka Crisis was a land dispute between the Mohawk nation and the town of Oka, Quebec which began on March 11, 1990, and lasted until September 26, 1990. It resulted in three deaths, and would be the first of a number of violent conflicts between Indigenous people and the Canadian Government in the late 20th century.
[edit] Gulf War
Canada was one of the first nations to agree to condemn Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait, and promptly agreed to join the US-led coalition. When the UN authorized full use of force in the 1991 Gulf War, Canada sent 3 warships, 2 CF18 squadrons and field hospital with support personnel. This was the first time since the Korean War that its forces had participated in combat operations. Canada suffered no casualties during the conflict, but since its end, many veterans have complained of suffering from Gulf War Syndrome.
