Howler monkey
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 Black Howler Alouatta caraya
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| Simia belzebul Linnaeus, 1766 |
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Alouatta coibensis |
The howler monkeys (genus Alouatta monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are among the largest of the New World monkeys. Nine species are currently recognised. Previously classified in the family Cebidae, they are now placed in the family Atelidae.
Howler monkeys range in size from 56 to 92cm, excluding their tail which can be equally as long. Like many New World monkeys, they have prehensile tails. They have a lifespan of 15 to 20 years. These monkeys are native to South and Central American forests. They live in groups of usually about 18 individuals. Threats to howler monkeys include being hunted for food and captivity, which they respond to by howling.
As their name suggests, vocal animal communication forms an important part of their social behavior. Specifically, the name comes from their distinctive loud barking whoop they make, which can be heard over considerable distances. (As correctly pointed out by William Henry Hudson in his novel Green Mansions, "howler" is a misnomer since the male's voice sounds rather like a powerful roar; female vocalisations sound like a pig's grunt). They have an enlarged basihyal or hyoid bone which helps them make their loud sound. They are considered the loudest land animal; the only creature louder than the howler monkey is the Blue Whale. Unlike other New World monkeys, both male and female howler monkeys have trichromatic colour vision.
These large, slow moving monkeys are the only folivores of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy leaves, together with fruit, buds, flowers, and nuts. They move quadrapedally and do not brachiate, usually holding on to a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times. Their prehensile tails are strong enough to support the monkey's entire body weight, although they seldom do so. The first 2 fingers of each hand are set apart and are opposable to the other three. They very seldom leave the trees. They rest about 80 percent of the time and are considered the least active of all monkeys.
Howler monkeys are relatively friendly animals that live together in groups where the number of females is greater than the number of males. However, when there is a fight over food or mates or territory, they do not scratch or bite but rather yell and slap.
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[edit] Howlers and humans
While seldom aggressive, howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition, and hence are the only monkey in their forests not made a pet by the Native Americans[citation needed]. However, the Black Howler (Alouatta caraya) is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary Argentina due to its gentle nature, in comparison to the capuchin monkey's aggressive tendencies, in spite of its lesser intelligence as well as the liabilities meant by the size of its droppings and the males' loud vocalisation.
Alexander von Humboldt said about howler monkeys that "their eyes, voice, and gait are indicative of melancholy", while John Lloyd Stephens described those at the Maya ruins of Copán as "grave and solemn as if officiating as the guardians of consecrated ground". To the Mayas of the Classic Period, they were the divine patrons of the artisans, especially scribes and sculptors. Copan in particular is famous for its representations of Howler Monkey Gods. Two howler monkey brothers play a role in the 16th-century myth of the Maya Hero Twins included in the Popol Vuh.
[edit] Other names
Howlers are called "congos" in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In Belize they are called "baboons", although they are not related to the primate which usually carries that name.
[edit] Classification
- Family Atelidae
- Subfamily Alouattinae
- A. palliata group
- Coiba Island Howler, Alouatta coibensis
- Alouatta coibensis coibensis
- Azuero Howler Monkey, Alouatta coibensis trabeata
- Mantled Howler, Alouatta palliata
- Guatemalan Black Howler, Alouatta pigra
- Coiba Island Howler, Alouatta coibensis
- A. seniculus group
- Red-handed Howler, Alouatta belzebul
- Brown Howler, Alouatta guariba
- Northern Brown Howler, Alouatta guariba guariba
- Southern Brown Howler, Alouatta guariba clamitans
- Guyanan Red Howler, Alouatta macconnelli
- Amazon Black Howler, Alouatta nigerrima
- Bolivian Red Howler, Alouatta sara
- Venezuelan Red Howler, Alouatta seniculus
- Colombian Red Howler, Alouatta seniculus seniculus
- Alouatta seniculus arctoidea
- Juara Red Howler, Alouatta seniculus juara
- A. caraya group
- Black Howler, Alouatta caraya
- A. palliata group
- Subfamily Atelinae
- Subfamily Alouattinae
 Howler, Costa Rica |
 Howler, Belize |
 Mantled Howler tail |
 Mantled Howler left hand |
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[edit] References
- Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 148-152. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
- Jacobs, G. H.; Neitz, M., Deegan, J. F., & Neitz, J. (1996). "Trichromatic colour vision in New World monkeys". Nature (382): 156-158.
[edit] External links
