Indigenous peoples of Mexico
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Mexico has defined itself, in the second article of its constitution, as a "pluricultural" nation, in recognition of the diverse ethnic groups that constitute it. There are, according to the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, and the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas (CDI) 12 million of Amerindians (or "indigenous peoples", the preferred term in Spanish). Other international organizations prefer a percentage of 30% of predominantly indigenous, the great majority of which have been assimiliated into the Mexican culture, forgetting their traditions and languages.
Unlike other Latin American countries, in which the indigenous peoples are made up by a predominant group (countries in which one Amerindian language is predominant or even co-official with Spanish), in Mexico there are 62 indigenous peoples, that speak 62 different languages (officially recognized as "national languages" along with Spanish by the Mexican government), and many more dialects. According to INEGI, 6% of the population (that is, half of the indigenous peoples) still speak an indigenous language, of which Nahuatl and Yucatec Maya are the most important in terms of number of speakers.
Historically, some states of the Mexican federation have identified themselves with one or more of the diverse indigenous peoples that lived in their territories, even if nowadays they constitute only a small percentage of their populations; for example: Tlaxcala, with the Tlaxcaltec indigenous group, Yucatan with the Maya, Chihuahua with the Tarahumara, etc.
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[edit] Political status of the indigenous peoples
[edit] History of the ethnic diversity
The ethnic diversity of the indigenous peoples of Mexico goes back to pre-Hispanic times. While the northern territories of the country (north of San Luis Potosí, taking the Tropic of Cancer as an artificial border), was scarcely populated by nomadic tribes, the center-southern territories constituted Mesoamerica, a region in which several complex and advanced civilizations developed through the centuries. This region was densely populated by diverse indigenous groups.
By the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, the region was politcially and economically united by the Aztec Empire (the south-east had some sorts of self-government, but the population paid tribute to the Aztecs). Evidence has been found on the existence of multi-racial communities in the majority of the great pre-Hispanic cities, when their respective civilizations were at their zenith (in Tenochtitlan, Teotihuacan and Cholula, for example).
During the conquest of Mexico, the conquistadors used the ethnic diversity of the country for their benefit, making important alliances with the indigenous peoples that were under Aztec rule. These alliances were decisive to their victory; however, these ethnic groups were soon subjugated into an even more oppressive empire. Wars, extermination, and pandemics killed 90% of the original population; in 1521, the population of central Mexico had been estimated to be around 18 million; by 1581 it was less than 2 million. The indigenous peoples were oppressed and marginated during Spanish colonial times.
[edit] Pluricultural Mexico
As an independent nation, Mexico declared the abolition of slavery (the majority of the slaves had been Amerindians), but the economic and social situation of the indigenous peoples changed very little during the 19th century. Nonetheless, some Amerindians integrated into the Mexican society, like Benito Juárez of Zapotec ethnicity, the first indigenous president of a country of the New World.
The greatest change, however, came about as a result of the Mexican Revolution, a violent social and cultural movement that defined the Mexico of the 20th century. The constitution that originated from the movement, in 1917, was the first in the world to recognize individual social rights, including the rights of the indigenous population. The Revolution also produced a national sentiment in which the indigenous peoples were the foundation of the Mexican Society. Several prominent artists promoted the Indigenous Sentiment (sentimiento indigenista) of the country, like Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. The governments that ensued the Revolution created the concept of the "ejido", giving free land to peasants (the majority of which were indigenous) and established bilingual education in some indigenous communities as well as the publication of free bilingual textbooks.
[edit] Contemporary situation
In spite of the official recognition of the indigenous peoples, the economic underdevelopment of the communities, accentuated by the crises of the 1980s and 1990s, have not allowed for the social and cultural development of the communities. Thousands of Indigenous Mexicans have emigrated to the big cities (mainly to Mexico City and the border cities) as well as to the United States. In Los Angeles, for example, the Mexican government has established access in Spanish and Amerindian languages to some of the consular services provided.
Some of the Maya peoples of Chiapas have revolted, demanding better social and economic opportunities, requests voiced by the EZLN. In other states, the situation may be somewhat different. In Yucatán, for example, residents have found a regional and cultural identity as Mayas, including the modern city of Mérida.
The government has made important legislative changes, to promote the development of the rural and indigenous communities, and the preservation and promotion of their languages. The second article of the Constitution grants them the right of self-determination and requests the state governments to promote and ensure the economic development of the indigenous communities as well as the preservation of their languages and traditions. The government also sponsors several radio programs in indigenous languages (some of which can be heard over the internet at the CDI official webpage). In 2003, the "Federal Law of Linguistic Rights" was approved, which created the Institute of Indigenous Languages. This law considers Spanish and the indigenous languages to be "national languages" with the "same validity".
[edit] Demographics
[edit] Indigenous peoples as a percentage of the population
Officially, 12 million Mexicans were indigenous in 2000 (13% of the population), though only 6% speak their original language. The states with the greatest proportion of indigenous population are:
- Yucatán, 59%
- Oaxaca, 48%
- Quintana Roo, 39%
- Chiapas, 28%
- Campeche, 27%
- Hidalgo, 24%
- Puebla, 19%
- Guerrero, 17%
- San Luis Potosí, 15%
- Veracruz, 15%
[edit] Classification
Even though CDI does not consider language as the basis to define ethnicity (in fact, half of those defined to be indigenous no longer speak their indigenous language), it does consider language as the basis to categorize the diverse indigenous peoples of the country. The following is the categorization of the indigenous languages and peoples of Mexico:
- Algonquian family: Kikapú
- Yuman: Paipai, Kiliwa, Cocopa, Cochimí, and Kumeyaay
- Seri family: Seri
- Tequistlatecan: Chontals of the Coast, Chontals of the Heights (mountains)
- Tepiman group: Pápago, Pima, Northern Tepehuán and Southern Tepehuán
- Taracahitan group: Tarahumara, Guarijío, Yaqui and Mayo
- Corachol group: Cora and Huichol
- Nahua group: Nahuatl language and its dialects
- Totonacan group: Totonac and Tepehua
- Otopame group: Northern Pame, Southern Pame, Chichimeca Jonaz, Otomí (and its dialects), Mazahua, Matlatzinca and Ocuilteco.
- Popoloca group: Popoloca (and its dialects), Chocho, Ixcatec, Mazatec (and its dialects),
- Tlapaneco group: Tlapanec
- Amuzgo group: Amuzgo de Guerrero, Amuzgo de Oaxaca
- Mixtec group: Mixtec (and its dialects), Cuicatec and Trique (and its dialects)
- Chatino-Zapotec group: Chatino (and its dialects), Zapotec.
- Chinanteca group: Chinantec (and its dialects)
- Purépecha group: P'urhépecha
- Huave group: Huave
- Mixe-Zoque group: Zoque (and its dialects), Popoluca, Mixe
- Maya group: Wastek language, Peninsular Maya, Lacandón, Ch'ol, Chontal de Tabasco, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Chuj, Tojolabal, Q'anjob'al mam, K'iche'.
[edit] External links
- (Spanish) CDI
- (Spanish) Former National Indigenous Institute
- (Spanish) CONAPO
- (Spanish) INEGI
