John Hale (Salem pastor)
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John Hale (3 June 1636-15 May 1700) was the pastor of the Church of Christ in Beverly, Massachusetts during the Salem witch hunt in 1692. He became one of the most prominent and influential opponents of the witch trials.
Born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, he was educated at Harvard College in Boston, graduating in 1657. He was ordained as the first minister of the parish church in Beverly on 20 September 1667, where he remained until his death.
He was heavily involved in prosecuting people for witchcraft, but had a dramatic change of attitude when his second wife, Sarah, was accused. She was acquitted and the trials collapsed shortly afterward. Following his wife's death on 20 May 1697, at the age of 61, [1] he wrote a short book, A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft,[2] which was highly critical of the trials.
His house from 1694 until his death, at 39 Hale Street, Beverly, is now a museum, the John Hale House.
[edit] End of the Trials
By September of 1692, doubts were developing as to how so many townspeople could possibly be guilty. Reverend John Hale said, "It cannot be imagined that in a place of so much knowledge, so many in so small compass of land should abominably leap into the Devil's lap at once"
[edit] Fiction
In Arthur Miller's 1952 play The Crucible, Hale appears in Act I in response to a request from Samuel Parris that he examine Betty Parris, the daughter of Reverend Parris. Hale's quick visit to help with Betty actually causes him to become one of the main characters in the play. Hale stirs the witchcraft cauldron that is brewing in Salem Village.
Hale, a young minister, devoted most of his life to the study of witchcraft and other dæmonic arts in the hope of being able to destroy them in the name of God. He has found a 'witch' in his home town of Beverly, where he preaches. Ironically, Hale is the impetus behind the witch trials and later is the advocate against them. As a devout Christian, Hale sees it as his duty to seek out the witches, and to 'save their souls'. Hale, after seeing the horrors of the witch trials and watching the loss of both civil and human rights, has a conversion of heart and speaks out against them telling Judge Danforth that they are morally wrong.
In the 1996 film version of the play, he was portrayed by Rob Campbell.
[edit] References
- ^ 1692 Salem Witch Museum
- ^ John Hale (1697). A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft. Benjamin Elliot, Boston. facsimile of document at the Salem witch trials documentary archive, University of Virginia
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| Magistrates | William Stoughton · John Hathorne · Jonathan Corwin · Samuel Sewall · Bartholomew Gendey · Thomas Danforth · Nathaniel Saltonstall |
| Clergy | Samuel Parris · Cotton Mather · Increase Mather · Nicholas Noyes · John Hale · Deodat Lawson · Samuel Willard |
| Politicians & Public Figures | William Phips · Thomas Brattle · Robert Calef |
| Accusers | Elizabeth Hubbard · Mercy Lewis · Betty Parris · Ann Putnam, Jr. · Susannah Sheldon · Mary Walcott Abigail Williams · Sarah Bibber |
| Accused | John Alden · Edward Bishop · Sarah Bishop · Mary Black · Mary Bradbury · Sarah Cloyce · Rebecca Eames · Mary English · Phillip English · Abigail Faulkner · Dorcas Good · William Hobbs · Mary Lacy · Sarah Morey · Benjamin Proctor · Elizabeth Proctor · Sarah Proctor · William Proctor |
| Confessed and Accused Others | Tituba · Abigail Hobbs · Deliverance Hobbs · Margaret Jacobs · Mary Warren · Ann Foster · Mary Lacey Jr. · Mary Lacey Sr. · Sarah Churchwell |
| Executed | Bridget Bishop · George Burroughs · Martha Carrier · Martha Corey · Mary Eastey · Sarah Good · Elizabeth Howe · George Jacobs, Sr. · Susannah Martin · Rebecca Nurse · Alice Parker · Mary Parker · John Proctor · Ann Pudeator · Wilmot Redd · Margaret Scott · Samuel Wardwell · Sarah Wildes · John Willard |
| Died in Prison | Lydia Dustin · Ann Foster · Sarah Osborn · Roger Toothaker |
| Pressed to Death | Giles Corey |
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