John Hays Hammond
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John Hays Hammond (31 March 1855 – 8 June 1936) was a famous mining engineer, diplomat, and philanthropist. He developed gold mines in South Africa, Mexico, and California.
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[edit] Early life
The son of Richand Pindell Hammond and Sarah Hays Lea, a prospecting family who went to San Francisco in 1849 during the California gold rush, young John was born in San Francisco. After an adventuresome boyhood in the American Old West, Hammond went East to go to a preparatory school at Yale, and later attended the Royal School of Mines, Freiberg, Germany, 1876-1879, and there he met his wife-to-be, Natalie Harris Lum.
[edit] Mining career
Hammond took his first mining job as a special expert for the US Geological Survey 1879-1880 in Washington, DC. He returned to California in 1881 to work for Senator Hearst, the mining magnate and father of William Randolph Hearst. In 1882, he was sent to hostile country in Mexico, near Sonora, to become superintendent of Minas Neuvas. When a revolution broken out, Hammond barricaded his family in a small house and fought off the attacking guerrillas.
From 1884-1893, Hammond worked in San Francisco a as consulting engineer for Union Iron Works, Central Pacific Railway and Southern Pacific Railway. In 1893, Hammond left for South Africa to investigate the gold mines in Transvaal for the Barnato Brothers. In 1894, he joined the British South Africa Company to work with Cecil Rhodes and opened mines in the Rand, in Mashonaland (territory which became Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In 1895, he was managing Rhodes' property in Transvaal, with headquarters at Johannesburg, South Africa. An early advocate of deep-level mining, Hammond was given complete charge of Rhodes' gold and diamond mines and made each undertaking a financial success. While working for Rhodes, he made his world-wide reputation as an engineer. He continued to work for Rhodes until 1899, but events in Africa would go on to change Hammond's life forever.
[edit] Reform Committee of Transvaal
When Hammond arrived in the Transvaal, the Boer situation was tense. The gold rush had brought in a considerable foreign population, chiefly British and American, who the Boer referred to as "Uitlanders" (foreigners). These immigrant, who were by far the wealthiest part of the community, formed a Reform Committee headed by Colonel Rhodes (brother of Cecil), Hammond, a few others. They demanded a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary, a better educational system, etc. The Government under President Paul Kruger made promises but failed to keep them. Civility finally collapsed when Leander Starr Jameson, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland, invaded Transvaal with 1 500 troups in the ill-fated Jameson Raid and was captured by the Boers in December 1895. Shortly thereafter, the Boer government arrested Hammond and most of members of the Reform Committee and kept them in deplorable conditions. Hammond, then quite ill with dysentery, was tried for "high treason" and sentenced to death in January 1896. The U.S. Senate petitioned the President Kruger for mercy. He avoided his sentence after paying a $100,000 bail fine which allowed him to leave Transvaal and go to Cape Town, South Africa.
When a second trial for the Reform Committee was called late in April, Hammond was still ill but he insisted on returning to Transvaal to stand trial. Hammond and the other three leaders of the Reform Committee were then unexpectedly sentenced to be hanged, but Kruger commuted the sentence the next day. For the next few weeks, Hammond was once again kept in jail in deplorable conditions and nearly died. In May it was announced that the Reform Committee leaders would have to spend 15 years in prison, but by mid-June Kruger released Hammond the final six Reform Committee members still in jail after each paid a $125,000 fine. Shortly thereafter, Hammond left for England.
[edit] Return to United States
About 1900, the now famous Hammond returned to the U.S. and to Mexico. He became a professor of mining engineering at Yale University 1902-1909, and from 1903-1907, he was employed by Daniel Guggenheim as a highly-paid general manager and consulting engineer for the Guggenheim Exploration Company. While active in the Republican Party, Hammond became a close friend of President William Howard Taft, whom he had known since his student days at Yale. Taft then sent him to the coronation of George V in 1911 as a special U.S. Ambassador, and twice sent him to assist Nicholas II of Russia on irrigation and other engineering problems. In addition to Taft, Hammond also befriended Presidents Grant, Hayes, Roosevelt, and Coolidge.
Hammond became chairman the U.S. Coal Commission, 1922-1923. His close friendship and long time business associations with Frederick Russell Burnham, the highly decorated Scout who he knew from Africa, led Hammond to became a wealthy oil man when Burnham Exploration Company struck oil at Dominguez Hill, near Carson, California, in 1923.
He died of coronary occlusion on June 8, 1936, in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
[edit] Family
He married Natalie Harris Lum, of Harris, Mississippi (near Vicksburg) on January 1, 1881, in Hancock, Maryland. Together they had three sons and one daughter.
John Hays Hammond, Jr. (1888 - February 12, 1965) was born in San Francisco, California. In 1893 he moved with his family to South Africa, and five years later the family moved to England. The family returned to the United States in 1900, and Hammond attended Lawrenceville School, started inventing, and went on to study at the Sheffield School of Yale University, graduating in 1910. He established the Hammond Radio Research Corporation in 1911 and eventually developed a radio controlled torpedo system for the navy, which he successfully demonstrated in 1918. Between 1926 and 1929, he built a medieval-style castle in Gloucester, Massachusetts.[1]
Natalie Hays Hammond (January 6, 1904 - June 18, 1931) was born in Lakewood, New Jersey. Her estate in North Salem, New York was converted into the Hammond Museum & Japanese Stroll Garden in 1957.[2]
Nathaniel Harris Hammond, died 1906, and Richard Pindle Hammond, born in London, England, were the two other children.
[edit] Writer
John Hays Hammond published several books:
- The milling of gold ores in California (1887)
- A woman's part in a revolution (1897)
- The truth about the Jameson raid (1918)
- Great American Issues: Political Social Economic (1921)
- The engineer (Vocational series) (1922)
- The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond, volumes 1 and 2, (1935)
Hammond additionally wrote the forward to, Scouting on Two Continents, by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., LC call number: DT775 .B8 1926. (1926)
[edit] References
- ^ Hammond Castle & Museum (html). Retrieved on December 2, 2006.
- ^ Hammond Museum & Japanese Stroll Garden (html). Retrieved on December 2, 2006.
- Taking Chances, by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., chapter XXXIV devoted to Hammond. LC call number: DT29 .B8. (1944)
- Mining engineers & the American West; the lace-boot brigade, 1849-1933, Clark C. Spencer. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1970. Yale Western Americana series 22. ISBN 0-300-01224-1 (1970)
- John Hays Hammond, Sr. Papers. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
