User:JohnMac777

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USER:JohnMac777-- Here are some points of interest for Wikipedia the public online encyclopedia. These points of interest are for educational purposes where the sharing of information has blessed the United States, Great Britain, Commonwealth of Nations, Europe, and Japan in ways that makes any ancient wealth found trivial (such as 180,000 gold Talents found by Alexander the Great during his Persian conquests). References are included that have been personally verified or came form a trusted source, such as sources for the Military Heritage articles. The references are important where all knowledge starts with someone else.

Contents 1 Wars and Conflicts 1.1 World War I 2 Battles and Military Action 2.1 Battle of Abu Klea 2.2 Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse 2.3 Battle of Hampton Roads 2.4 Battle of Gaugamela 2.5 Battle of Chalons 2.6 Battle of Agincourt 2.7 Battle of Pydna 2.8 Battle of Spion Kop 2.9 Battle of Actium 2.10 Battle of the Ice or Battle of Lake Peipus 2.11 Battle of Mons 2.12 Battle of Rorke’s Drift 3 Soldiers, Rulers, Heroes, and Leaders 3.1 Trajan, Roman Emperor 3.2 Alexander the Great 3.3 Eugene of Savoy 3.4 J.F.C. Fuller 3.5 Famous Duke of Wellington 3.6 Mary, Queen of Scots 4 Weapons 4.1 Mitsubishi G4M, Japanese Bomber 4.2 Mitsubishi G3M, Japanese Bomber 4.3 Browning’s M2 Machine Gun 4.4 Baker Rifle 4.5 Mosin-Nagant Rifle 4.6 Martini-Henry Rifle 4.7 Pike (weapon) 5 Military Intelligence 5.1 Cryptography 5.2 Military Intelligence 5.3 Babington Plot 6 Society, Nations, Kingdoms, and Civilizations 6.1 Civilization 6.2 Teutonic Knights 7 Religion 7.1 Heaven 8 Wikipedia

[edit] Wars and Conflicts

[edit] World War I

• World War I -- known as the Great War (1914 to 1918) as the first world war that started in 1914 due to a series of complex interlocking treaties. The results of the war destroyed the German Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire (formally fell in 1926). The imperialistic European, Russian, and Middle East powers were no longer what they were after World War I leading to the formation of many modern nations of the 20th century. There is an estimated ten million deaths and twenty million casualties as a result of the fierce battles for Europe and Russia with an estimated sixty-five million of soldiers, sailors, and airmen serving this significant war.

[edit] Battles and Military Action

[edit] Battle of Abu Klea

• Battle of Abu Klea -- A failed British rescue attempt to rescue Major General Charles Gordon in the besieged city of Khartoum from the Dervishes led by Mahdi. The Dervishes ruled the Sudan for thirteen years at this British defeat.
  • Craig, Simon. “Breaking the Square: Dervishes vs. Brits at the 1885 Battle of Abu Klea.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 78-84 (the failed British attempt to rescue major general Charles Gordon and friendly forces at Khartoum from the Dervishes led by Mahdi).

[edit] Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse

• Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse -- The sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse by the Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon U.S. entry into World War Two.
  • Horodyski, Joseph M. “British Gamble In Asian Waters.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 68-77 (sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse by Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon U.S. entry into World War Two). The Prince of Wales and the Repulse are the first two battleships ships ever to be sunk exclusively by air attack while at sea during war.

[edit] Battle of Hampton Roads

• Battle of Hampton Roads -- The famous battle of the ironclads C.S.A. Virginia (a.k.a Merrimack) versus the Union Monitor of the United States Civil War (the first iron ships that changed warfare at sea).
  • Milton, Keith. “Duel At Hampton Roads.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 38-45, 97 (Ironclads C.S.A. Virginia (a.k.a Merrimack) versus the Union Monitor of the Civil War).

[edit] Battle of Gaugamela

• Battle of Gaugamela -- The decisive battle that made Alexander the Great a King of Kings when he defeated Darius.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046: pp. 87 to 114 (Alexander the Great).
  • De Santis, Marc G. “At The Crossroads of Conquest.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 46-55, 97 (Alexander the Great, his military, his strategy at the Battle of Gaugamela and his defeat of Darius making Alexander the King of Kings).

[edit] Battle of Chalons

• Battle of Chalons -- An important battle in 442AD where the forces of Attila the Hun was defeated with the claim that it saved western civilization, but there was no western emperor until 800AD with the crowning of Emperor Charlemagne by Pope Leo III. To be called a Hun is an insult where Attila the Hun led by fear, pillage, plunder, absolute rule, and death, and his empire collapsed with his death in 453AD. This led to the official end of the classical Roman Empire after one of the Huns named Odovacar claimed to rule Italy on August 23, 476AD, after 1200 years that started in 753BC by Romulus.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046:. 282-301 (The Battle Of Chalons).

[edit] Battle of Agincourt

• Battle of Agincourt -- An important victory for England during the Hundred Years' War by King Henry V with a half starved force of arms (eight days food twenty-three day march beyond 260 miles with dysentery) of 5,800 English against about 24,000 French. King Henry V said it was a victory of God.
  • Military Heritage did a feature on King Henry V Battle of Agincourt (Military Heritage, October 2005, Volume 7, No. 2, pp. 36 to 43); ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Battle of Pydna

• Battle of Pydna -- A critical Roman victory during the Third Macedonian War, 168 B.C., that brought Rome to a world power and gained Greece in the process.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046: 151-169 (Battle of Pydna).

[edit] Battle of Spion Kop

• Battle of Spion Kop -- The a British defeat of the Second Boer War with participation by Lieutenant Winston Churchill, and a important battle that showed the future of 20th century warfare as a 1899 to 1900 British conflict that involved the modern German Mauser rifle.
  • Military Heritage did a feature about the bloody Spion Kop battle for a hill of the Boer War (Herman T. Voelkner, Military Heritage, October 2005, Volume 7, No. 2, pp 28 to 35, and p. 71), ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Battle of Actium

• Battle of Actium -- About the Battle of Actium involving Mark Antony, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (aka Octavian) (Julius Caesar's 18-year old adopted son and heir), and Cleopatra VII of Egypt. The failure of Mark Antony to defeat (at Actium) or properly recognize the new future emperor Octavian led to Mark Antony's death and Cleopatra's death.
  • Military Heritage did a feature about the Battle of Actium involving Mark Antony, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (aka Octavian) (Julius Caesar's 18-year old adopted son and heir), and Cleopatra of Egypt (Joseph M. Horodyski, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp 58 to 63, and p. 78), ISSN 1524-8666.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046: 222-229 (Battle of Actium).

[edit] Battle of the Ice or Battle of Lake Peipus

• Battle of the Ice -- The Battle of the Ice is also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus.
  • Military Heritage did a feature on the Battle of Lake Peipus and the holy Knights Templar and the monastic knighthood Hospitallers (Terry Gore, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp.28 to 33)), ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Battle of Mons

• Battle of Mons -- A World War I battle where the outnumbered small professional British Army retreated from the Germans amid reports of assistance from Angels.
  • Military Heritage did a feature of the Battle of Mons and the Angels of Mons (Robert Barr Smith, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 14, p. 16, p. 17, and p. 76).

[edit] Battle of Rorke’s Drift

• Battle of Rorke's Drift -- The famous Victorian Era battle of the British Empire that awarded eleven Victoria Cross for valor of 140 British soldiers against 4,000 Zulu (Queen Victoria is reportedly to have met Lieutenant John R. Chard and Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead as a result of this sensational event).
  • Military Heritage discussed Rorke's Drift and the politics of the Victoria Cross (Roy Morris Jr., Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 8).

[edit] Soldiers, Rulers, Heroes, and Leaders

[edit] Trajan, Roman Emperor

• Trajan -- A Roman Emperor also known as Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046: 255, 266, 269, 270, 273 (Trajan, Roman Emperor).
  • Ancell, R. Manning. "Soldiers." Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 12, 14, 16, 20 (Trajan, Emperor of Rome).

[edit] Alexander the Great

• Alexander the Great -- One of the greatest men of the ancient world centered around ancient Greece who learned to form an empire out of the many city-states that defined the ancient world.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046: 87-114 (Alexander the Great).
  • De Santis, Marc G. “At The Crossroads of Conquest.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 46-55, 97 (Alexander the Great, his military, his strategy at the Battle of Gaugamela and his defeat of Darius making Alexander the King of Kings).

[edit] Eugene of Savoy

• Eugene of Savoy -- Prince Eugene of Savoy who brought defeat to the Turks of the Ottoman Empire in Europe at Peterwardein, in 1716, showing that the terror days of the formally invincible Turks are gone for European Christians.
  • Military Heritage did a feature about the Muslim Turks versus Christian Nobility 1716 battle and crusade at Peterwardein, and the success of Prince Eugene of Savoy (Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp 48 to 53, and p. 78), ISSN 1524-8666.
  • Henderson, Nicholas. Prince Eugene of Savoy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1964.
  • Mckay, Derek. Prince Eugene of Savoy. London: Thames and Hudson. 1977.
  • Nicolle, David and Hook, Christa. The Janissaries. Botley: Osprey Publishing. 2000.
  • Setton, Kenneth M. Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1991.

[edit] J.F.C. Fuller

• J.F.C. Fuller -- A brilliant British general and historian that published many books on the field of warfare, and he is instrumental in bringing an understanding of mechanized armor units to print when armor was new as an expert of military affairs who experienced part of the 20th century technology revolution.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. A Subsidiary of Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street. New York. N.Y. 10013. This is the American publishing of The Decisive Battles of the Western World and their Influence upon History. Titles of individual tomes are same as in the original 1950s publication. Originally published: New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1954-1957. Republished 1987 and 1988 under De Capo Press.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046.
    • v. 2. From the defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo; ISBN 0306803054.
    • v. 3. From the American Civil War to the end of World War II; ISBN 0306803062.

[edit] Famous Duke of Wellington

• Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington -- The famous Duke of Wellington who gained his initial fame for expanding British interests in India with the British East India Company.
  • Military Heritage published a feature on Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, time and conflicts in India on behalf of the British East India Company (aka East India Tea Company) and the British crown (Charles Hilbert, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp.34 to 41), ISSN 1524-8666.
  • Hutchinson, Lester. European Freebooters in Mogul India. New York: Asia Publishing House, 1964.
  • Longford, Elizabeth. Wellington: The Years of The Sword. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1969.
  • Mill, James. The History of British India. 6 vols. 5th ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1968.
  • Brett-James, ed. Wellington at War 1794-1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1961.
  • A collection of the Duke’s letters. Beatson, Alexander. A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun. London: Bulmer and Co., 1800.

[edit] Mary, Queen of Scots

• Mary I of Scotland -- Mary is also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth I who was executed by Queen Elizabeth I for treason in the Babington Plot.
  • Military Heritage did a feature of Mary, Queen of Scots and the Babington conspiracy (David Alan Johnson, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 20, p. 22, and p. 23), ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Weapons

[edit] Mitsubishi G4M, Japanese Bomber

• Mitsubishi G4M – An Japanese bomber aircraft used by the Japanese during World War Two with extensive use in the Pacific against the Allies. The bomber is nicknamed the “Betty” by the American military. The Betty were famous for being part of the Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse. The Betty was well known for being unarmored, since it would catch fire with just a few bursts of gunfire. The Betty was also used as a special transport aircraft and one was carrying Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto when intercepted and shot down by American P-38 Lightnings’ on 18 April 1943.
  • Horodyski, Joseph M. “British Gamble In Asian Waters.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 68-77 (sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse by Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon U.S. entry into World War Two).

[edit] Mitsubishi G3M, Japanese Bomber

• Mitsubishi G3M – An Japanese bomber aircraft used by the Japanese during World War Two mostly against the Chinese. The bomber is nicknamed the Nells by the American military. The Nells were famous for being part of the Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse with the more advance Japanese bomber the Mitsubishi G4M "Betty".
  • Horodyski, Joseph M. “British Gamble In Asian Waters.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 68-77 (sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse by Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon U.S. entry into World War Two).

[edit] Browning’s M2 Machine Gun

• M2 machine gun – John Browning's .50-calibre invention also called the M2. The M2 is effective and powerful, and the M2 still enjoys world wide military service. The M2 is one of the United States military longest serving weapons that entered production in 1921.
  • Gresham, John D. “Weapons.” Military Heritage. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 22, 24, 26,28, 30 (John Browning’s (M2) .50-caliber).

[edit] Baker Rifle

• Baker rifle -- The first British rifle, a flintlock, that enjoyed production from 1800 to 1837 and was being issued many years after 1837. The Baker was the first rifle issued for British sharpshooters and rifle companies. The smoothbore musket was still common, but the Baker had world wide British service. The collectors claim to fame is this is the first official British made British rifle instead of muskets for British sharpshooters intended for the first British rifle companies that started in 1799.
  • Military Heritage did a feature on the Baker Rifle (Kenneth Cline, Military Heritage, December 2005, Volume 7, No. 3, p. 10, p. 12, and p. 13); ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Mosin-Nagant Rifle

• Mosin-Nagant -- A common Russian and Finnish 7.62-caliber rifle of the first half of the 20th century. The Finnish version is a collectable rifle, since it is considered to be of higher quality and was produced in smaller quantities.
  • Military Heritage did a feature about the collectable Finnish version of the Mosin-Nagant rifle--supplies are limited due to the Internet and the limited production runs for the Finnish version (Chuck Lewis, Military Heritage, October 2005, Volume 7, No. 2, p. 26, p. 27, .p 70, p. 71), ISSN 1524-8666.
  • Terence Lapin. The Mosin-Nagant Rifle.
  • Doug Bowser. Rifles of the White Death.
  • Marrku Palokangas. Sotilaskasiaseet Suomessaa 1918-1988. (Reportedly out of print and written by the director of the Finnish war museum, but has an estimated year 2005 cost of US$350 when the three volume set can be found.)

[edit] Martini-Henry Rifle

• Martini-Henry -- The first British service rifle that is breach-loading using metallic cartridges. The collectors claim to fame is this is the first British rifle that used metallic cartridges and was a breach loaded weapon. Used in the famous battle called Rorke’s Drift.
  • Military Heritage did a feature on the Martini-Henry breach-loading rifle (Peter Suciu, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp.24 to 27 ), ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Pike (weapon)

• Pike (weapon) -- A common battlefield weapon until replaced by the bayoneted firearm. Claim to fame is the pike is ancient (has various names) and is used to disperse horse assaults. The pike caused cavalry and chariots to be used in flanking maneuvers; and, the pike caused cavalry and chariots to be used assaults into a breach opened in the enemy’s line of battle to disperse the effectiveness of organized units.
  • Military Heritage discussed pikes as a military weapon that was eventually replaced by the bayoneted firearm (William McPeak, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 10, p. 12, and p. 13).

[edit] Military Intelligence

[edit] Cryptography

• Cryptography -- The art and science of encryption and decryption of text or message for the purpose of preserving information for only those people who are authorized to read it. In essence, encryption is an artificial language or non-standard communication used to keep a message hidden by unauthorized readers. Languages are standard and depend upon common words and letters for effective communication, and encryption changes the standard to a non-standard communication that is supposed to only be known to the authorized readers of the encrypted text or message.

[edit] Military Intelligence

• Military intelligence -- A starting point for anyone interesting in military intelligence and information gathering. The subject of military intelligence is serious, and military intelligence is a social science (art and science), since it involves the social aspects of people, societies, armies, nations, law, and culture.
  • N.J.E. Austin and N.B. Rankov. Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World From the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London: Routledge, 1995.
  • Julius Caesar, The Civil War. Translated by Jane F. Mitchell. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.
  • Cassius Dio, Dio's Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1916.
  • Francis Dvornik. Origins of Intelligence Services. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1974.
  • J.F.C. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World. Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. New York: Da Capo Press, 1987.
  • Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz. From Summer to Rome; The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
  • Charles H. Harris & Louis R. Sadler. The Border and the Revolution: Clandestine Activities of the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920. HighLonesome Books, 1988.
  • Henry Landau, The Enemy Within: The Inside Story of German Sabotage in America. G.P. Putnam Sons, 1937.
  • Sidney F. Mashbir. I Was An American Spy. Vantage, 1953.
  • Nathan Miller. Spying for America: The Hidden History of U.S. Intelligence. Dell Publishing, 1989.
  • Ian Sayer & Douglas Botting. America's Secret Army, The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. Franklin Watts Publishers, 1989.
  • Barbara W. Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram. Ballantine Books, 1958.

[edit] Babington Plot

• Babington Plot -- About Mary, Queen of Scots, and her failed and famous plot to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I.
  • Military Heritage did a feature of Mary, Queen of Scots and the Babington conspiracy (David Alan Johnson, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, p. 20, p. 22, and p. 23), ISSN 1524-8666.

[edit] Society, Nations, Kingdoms, and Civilizations

[edit] Civilization

• civilization -- A subject about the planet Earth and its inhabitants. There are many factors to civilization that include social, trade, politics, diplomatic arrangements, tribute, wealth, economic, natural resources, technology, law, land formations that help define civilization, education, craftsmanship (skills of the people), military, conquest, imperialism, agriculture, expansionism, colonialism, government, and one kingdom after another until nationalism became popular, and then one nation after another as people group together to form society.
  • Brinton, Crane, John B. Christopher, Robert Lee Wolff, and Robin W. Winks. A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715. Volume 1. Sixth Edition. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
  • Casson, Lionel. Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
  • Chisholm, Jane, ed. The Usborne Book of the Ancient World. London: Usborne, 1991.
  • Colcutt, Martin, Marius Jansen, and Isao Kumakura. Cultural Atlas of Japan. New York: Facts on File, 1988.
  • Drews, Robert. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 BC. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  • Edey, Maitland A. The Sea Traders. New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.
  • Fairservis, Walter A., Jr. The Threshold of Civilization; An Experiment in Prehistory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.
  • Ferrill, Arther. The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1986.
  • Fitzgerald, C. P. The Horizon History of China. New York: American Heritage, 1969.
  • Gowlett, John. Ascent to Civilization: The Archaeology of Early Man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. The Atlas of Early Man. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976.
  • Hawkes, Jacquetta. Dawn of the Gods: Minoan and Mycenean Origins of Greece. New York: Random House, 1968.
  • Hicks, Jim. The Empire Builders. New York: Time-Life Books, 1974.
  • Hicks, Jim. The Persians. New York: Time-Life Books, 1975.
  • Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.
  • Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1984.
  • Lansing, Elizabeth. The Sumerians. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
  • Lee, Ki-Baik. A New History of Korea. Translated by Edward W. Wager with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
  • Nahm, Andrew C. A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History. Elizabeth: Hollym International, 1983.
  • Oliphant, Margaret. The Atlas of the Ancient World. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.
  • Rogerson, John. The Atlas of the Bible. New York: Facts on File, 1985.
  • Sansom, George. A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967.
  • Southworth, John Van Duyn. The Ancient Fleet: Naval Warfare under Oars. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1968.
  • Thomas, Hugh. A History of the World. New York: Harper & Row, 1982.
  • Yap, Yong, and Arthur Cotterell. The Early Civilization of China. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1975.
  • J.F.C. Fuller. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. A Subsidiary of Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street. New York. N.Y. 10013. This is the American publishing of The Decisive Battles of the Western World and their Influence upon History. Titles of individual tomes are same as in the original 1950s publication. Originally published: New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1954-1957. Republished 1987 and 1988 under De Capo Press.
    • v. 1. From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; ISBN 0306803046.
    • v. 2. From the defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo; ISBN 0306803054.
    • v. 3. From the American Civil War to the end of World War II; ISBN 0306803062.

[edit] Teutonic Knights

• Teutonic Knights -- A monastic Christian knighthood.
  • Military Heritage did a feature on the Battle of Lake Peipus and the holy Knights Templar and the monastic knighthood Hospitallers (Terry Gore, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp.28 to 33).

[edit] Religion

[edit] Heaven

• Heaven -- Heaven of God is a belief of Heaven from the point of view that God is the supreme being of the Universe; God has Heaven for God's believers of mostly for the Jewish, Christian, and Islam faiths (by the individual faiths that can vary in perspective and belief). The Wikipedia author has taken it to mean a more generic definition by claiming God has nothing to do with Heaven, and the Wikipedia author should be more specific using more specific labels. Heaven of one God is not universal with Asian influences having different ideals, or the Nordic influences that can have Valhalla, or ancient pagan influences where Zeus of the Roman gods is taken seriously, but these are often polytheism with a belief in many gods and have different ideals of their rewards of their gods (pagans).
  • See Holy Bible.

[edit] Wikipedia

Wikipedia:General complaints -- A section for people having problems with Wikipedia.