Jonathan Pollard

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Jonathan Jay Pollard (born August 7, 1954 in South Bend, Indiana) is a convicted Israeli spy and a former United States Naval civilian intelligence analyst. Pollard waived the right to trial in return for restrictions on sentencing, pleaded guilty and was convicted on one count of spying for Israel,^[1] receiving a life sentence in 1986 with a recommendation against parole. Israel publicly denied that Pollard was an Israeli spy until 1998, when he was granted Israeli citizenship.^[2] He was incarcerated at the federal penitentiary in Marion, Illinois in solitary confinement for seven years, then transfered to Butner Federal Correctional Institution. in North Carolina.^[3]

Contents 1 Espionage 2 Court Trial 3 Sentencing 4 Israel and Pollard 5 Controversy over severity of Pollard's sentence 6 Rejected appeal 7 Ron Olive book 8 Miscellaneous 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Espionage

Exactly what information he gave to Israel has still not been officially revealed. According to Pollard he only gave information regarding Iraq's missile threats to Israel.^[4] Press reports cited a secret 46-page memorandum, which neither Jonathan Pollard nor his attorneys have been allowed to view, provided to the judge by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, which described Pollard's spying as including, among other things, obtaining and copying the latest version of Radio-Signal Notations, a 10-volume manual detailing America's global electronic surveillance network^[5][6]

According to Eric Margolis in the Toronto Sun, Pollard provided Israel with the names of American agents in the Soviet Union. Margolis also alleges that the names were later traded to the Soviet Union by Israel and a number of key CIA agents were executed as a result ^[7]. Seymour Hersh in The New Yorker claims that "a number of officials strongly suspect that the Israelis repackaged much of Pollard's material and provided it to the Soviet Union in exchange for continued Soviet permission for Jews to emigrate to Israel" and that "a significant percentage of Pollard's documents, including some that described the techniques the American Navy used to track Soviet submarines around the world, was of practical importance only to the Soviet Union." ^[8] The reality of friendly countries spying on each other is part and parcel of national security concerns that any sovereign country shares. In a disclosure by former head of the U.S. Sente's foreign intelligence committee in 1983 the committee head Sen. Durenburger (MN) dislcosed that the CIA had turned a serving general in the Israel Defence Forces and he had been an active source during the Peace For Galilee campaign the summer of 1982..^[9][10] The Israeli Domestic Security Service apprehended an American Jew enrolled as a student at Hebrew University in the fall of 1984. While ensconced as a student this former US Naval Commando also worked at a local Jerusalem student hangout. While his stay was cut short this is a prime example before Pollards arrest that active espionage was being directed at Israel by the United States

[edit] Court Trial

Parts of a memorandum concerning Pollard were leaked to the press, but Pollard's attorneys were denied access, and this may have affected their ability to conduct his defense. In a 2002 letter to IMRA, U.S. District Court Judge George N. Leighton wrote:

"At the time Mr. Pollard was sentenced in March of 1987, the court placed under seal approximately forty pages of material filed in the court's docket. These included portions of a declaration by then-Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, and portions of pre-sentencing memoranda submitted to the court by the government as well as by the defense. The materials were sealed because the government said they contained classified information, some of which could affect national security if disclosed inappropriately.... Mr. Pollard and his attorney at the time were permitted to read the sealed pages before sentencing. However, despite the provision in the protective order for future access, no attorney representing Mr. Pollard has been permitted to see these pages since 1987. While this denial of access has severely hampered the efforts of Mr. Pollard's new attorneys to secure justice for their client, it has proved convenient for his adversaries. For years, adversaries have exploited the sealed pages to generate political opposition to relief for Mr. Pollard by spreading, in the press, rumors and outright falsehoods. Since the accusations floated in the media are nowhere to be found in the open court file, they would either be substantiated in the sealed pages, or not at all. As no one representing Mr. Pollard has been allowed access to the sealed pages, Mr. Pollard's adversaries have had unbridled license to spread falsehoods with virtually no risk of contradiction... 'The government's conduct in this case is highly disturbing."^{[citation needed]}

Pollard had, in the meantime, begun plea discussions with the government. He sought to plead guilty both to minimize his chances of receiving a life sentence and to enable Anne Pollard to plead as well, which the government was otherwise unwilling to let her do. The government, however, was prepared to offer Pollard a plea agreement only after Pollard consented to assist the government in its damage assessment and submitted to polygraph examinations and interviews with FBI agents and Department of Justice attorneys. Accordingly, over a period of several months, Pollard cooperated with the government investigation, and in late May of 1986, the government offered him a plea agreement, which he accepted.

By the terms of that agreement, Pollard was bound to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government ^[11], which carried a maximum prison term of life, and to cooperate fully with the government's ongoing investigation. He promised not to disseminate any information concerning his crimes without submitting to pre-clearance by the Director of Naval Intelligence. His agreement further provided that failure by Anne Pollard to adhere to the terms of her agreement entitled the government to void his agreement, and her agreement contained a mirror-image provision.

In return for Pollard's plea, the government promised not to charge him with additional crimes, entered into a plea agreement with Anne Pollard, and made several specific representations that are very much at issue in this case. The critical provisions are paragraphs 4(a) and 4(b) of the agreement, in which the government "agreed as follows":

(a) When [Pollard] appears before the Court for sentencing for the offense to which he has agreed to plead guilty, the Government will bring to the Court's attention the nature, extent and value of his cooperation and testimony. Because of the classified nature of the information Mr. Pollard has provided to the Government, it is understood that particular representations concerning his cooperation may have to be made to the Court in camera. In general, however, the Government has agreed to represent that the information Mr. Pollard has provided is of considerable value to the Government's damage assessment analysis, its investigation of this criminal case, and the enforcement of the espionage laws.

(b) Notwithstanding Mr. Pollard's cooperation, at the time of sentencing the Government will recommend that the Court impose a sentence of a substantial period of incarceration and a monetary fine. The Government retains full right of allocution at all times concerning the facts and circumstances of the offenses committed by Mr. Pollard, and will be free to correct any misstatements of fact at the time of sentencing, including representations of the defendant and his counsel in regard to the nature and extent of Mr. Pollard's cooperation. Moreover, Mr. Pollard understands that, while the Court may take his cooperation into account in determining whether or not to impose a sentence of life imprisonment, this agreement cannot and does not limit the court's discretion to impose the maximum sentence.^{[citation needed]}

On June 4, 1986 Jonathan Pollard pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to deliver national defense information to a foreign government. Before sentencing, and in violation of the plea agreement, Pollard and his wife Anne gave defiant media interviews in which they defended their spying, and attempted to rally American Jews to their cause. In a 60 Minutes interview, Anne said, "I feel my husband and I did what we were expected to do, and what our moral obligation was as Jews, what our moral obligation was as human beings, and I have no regrets about that" ^[5]. Three weeks before his sentencing, Wolf Blitzer, at the time a Jerusalem Post correspondent, conducted a jail-cell interview with Pollard and penned an article which also ran in the Washington Post headlined, "Pollard: Not A Bumbler, but Israel's Master Spy." published on February 15, 1987.^[12] Pollard told Blitzer about some of the information he provided the Israelis: reconnaissance satellite photography of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) headquarters in Tunisia, specific capabilities of Libya's air defenses, and "the pick of U.S. intelligence about Arab and Islamic conventional and unconventional military activity, from Morocco to Pakistan and every country in between. This included both 'friendly' and 'unfriendly' Arab countries."

The breaking of the plea agreement (in which Pollard swore not to disclose classified material he obtained while working for the Navy and swore not to "provide information for purposes of publication or dissemination," unless it was reviewed by the director of naval intelligence) remains one possible reason for Pollard to remain in prison despite a change in US. parole laws.^[13]

Before sentencing, as noted above, Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger delivered a 46-page classified memorandum to the sentencing judge, the contents of which were not shown to Pollard's attorneys. On the day before sentencing, Weinberger delivered a supplemental four-page memorandum to the judge. Pollard and his attorneys were only shown the supplemental memorandum briefly before sentencing. Pollard alleges that, in the memorandum, Weinberger accused him of treason and suggested a lifetime prison sentence. However, the United States Constitution provides that "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." Art. III, Sec. 3, cl. 1. As Pollard did not levy war against the U.S., and since Israel was and is a U.S. ally, Pollard's supporters argue that he was not guilty of treason.

Pollard never faced treason charges and was convicted within the boundaries of the charge he pled guilty to, although many speculate that the Weinberger memorandum outlined(and the classified memorandum to the judge detailed) treasonous activities by Pollard, due to the overwhelming assertion by US defense and intelligence officials that Pollard should stay imprisoned for life. The primary investigator in the Pollard case, Ron Olive, stated in his 2006 book 'Capturing Jonathan Pollard', that Pollard offered classified material to four other countries besides Israel, including Pakistan. Seven former US Secretaries of Defense have written petitions to keep Pollard imprisoned for life, and CIA chief Tenet threatened to resign when the issue of releasing Pollard was put forward by the Clinton administration.

[edit] Sentencing

Pollard was sentenced to life in prison on one count of espionage for an ally. Pollard and his supporters protested that this was a sentence unprecedented for such a charge, and was in violation of his plea agreement. However, the prosecutor complied with the plea agreement and asked for "only a substantial number of years in prison;" Judge Leighton imposed the life sentence after hearing of the statements of the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence, and other U.S. government officials (plea agreements are not binding upon judges).^[14] Pollard's attorney then failed to file his appeal within the mandated ten-day period after sentencing. In 1987, Pollard began his life sentence, which he is still serving. Pollard's wife, Anne, was sentenced to five years in prison but was released after three and a half years due to health problems.

In United States of America v. Jonathan Jay Pollard ^[15] 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11844, Pollard's attorney filed a motion to withdraw the plea, among other things. The motion was denied. Several parts of the plea agreement are mentioned in the appeal, United States of America v. Jonathan Jay Pollard 295 U.S. App. D.C. 7; 959 F.2d 1011; 1992 U.S. App. LEXIS 4695. The appeal was also denied. Several years later, with a different attorney, Pollard filed a Habeas Corpus petition. A panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled two-to-one to deny Pollard's petition, primarily due to the failure of Pollard's original attorneys to file his appeal in a timely manner. The dissenting judge, Judge Stephen Williams, stated that "because the government's breach of the plea agreement was a fundamental miscarriage of justice requiring relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, I dissent."^[16]

[edit] Israel and Pollard

The Israeli government has paid for at least two of Pollard's trial attorneys—Richard A. Hibey and Hamilton Philip Fox III—and has repeatedly asked for his release.^[5] Israeli leaders often raise the Pollard case in discussions with U.S. officials, including Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.^[5] In 1998, Israel admitted in a statement from then-Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that Pollard had been an Israeli spy. "One of the first things we said at (the 1998 Wye River conference)", recalled Netanyahu in an interview, "was that if we signed an agreement with Arafat, I expected a pardon for Pollard".^[5] However, President Clinton declined to release Pollard.

The latest Israeli request for Pollard's release made in New York on September 14, 2005 was again declined by President Bush. A request on Pollard's behalf that he be designated a Prisoner of Zion was rejected by the High Court of Justice of Israel on January 16, 2006. Another appeal for intervention on Pollard's behalf was rejected by the High Court on June 8, 2006.

[edit] Controversy over severity of Pollard's sentence

Pollard's supporters argue that his sentence was excessive: "The median sentence for the offense Pollard committed - one count of passing non-injurious classified information to an ally - is two to four years" ^[17]. Although Pollard pled guilty as part of a plea bargain, he was shown no leniency and was given the maximum sentence. The sentence was comparable to that of Aldrich Ames, the chief of CIA counterintelligence in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, who was indicted for treason, convicted of passing critical defense secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and found responsible for the deaths of at least 11 U.S. agents.^{[citation needed]} Pollard was never charged, indicted or convicted of treason.

Pollard maintains that he provided only information that, at the time, he believed was vital to Israeli security and that was being withheld by The Pentagon, in violation of a 1983 Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries regarding the sharing of vital security intelligence. According to Pollard, this included data on Soviet arms shipments to Syria, Iraqi and Syrian chemical weapons, the Pakistani atomic bomb project, and Libyan air defense systems ^[18]

Since then, however, he has publicly expressed remorse for operating outside the law:

"Unfortunately, I failed to appreciate the fact that such concerns did not justify my indifference to the law." (Pollard's public letter of remorse of June 6, 1991, addressed to his parents but published widely in newspapers)[8]

and

"I realize that no matter what my motives may have been, I did not have the right to violate the law. ... I have also made it very clear that I do not consider myself to be a "hero" and would prefer that people simply see me as someone who made a terrible mistake and who has paid dearly for my mistake. Please accept this as my unconditional statement of heartfelt remorse for my actions." (Pollard's public letter of remorse of May 26, 1996, addressed to President Bill Clinton).^{[citation needed]}

In recent years, others have argued that Pollard's punishment is too harsh. Caspar Weinberger, who was the driving force behind Pollard's life sentence, has stated that the case was a minor problem made much larger than it really was. In an interview in 2002, ^[19] Weinberger was asked why he had omitted all mention of Pollard in his memoirs. Weinberger replied, "Because it was, in a sense, a very minor matter but made very important." Asked to elaborate, Weinberger repeated, "As I say, the Pollard matter was comparatively minor. It was made far bigger than its actual importance."^[20]

Eric Margolis alleges that Pollard's spying may have led to the capture and execution of CIA spies in the Eastern Bloc after Israel forwarded Pollard's information to the Soviet Union ^[21]. John Loftus argues that Pollard did not have access to agent lists and that Israel would have had no reason to disclose such names to the Soviet Union, even if it had them ^[22]. Loftus believes that the exposure of the CIA agents actually resulted from the ongoing activities of top CIA official Aldrich Ames, arrested in February 1994, and FBI Special Agent Robert Hanssen, arrested in February 2001. Their activities were exposed only after Pollard's conviction.

[edit] Rejected appeal

In July 2005, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit rejected Pollard's latest appeal. Pollard had sought a new trial on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel, and he sought to receive classified documents pertinent to his new lawyers' efforts in preparing a clemency petition. The Court of Appeals rejected both arguments, however, and Pollard remains imprisoned. On February 10, 2006, lawyers for Pollard filed an appeal with the United States Supreme Court to attempt to gain access to the classified documents. The brief was based on the notion that the separation of powers doctrine is a flexible doctrine that does not dictate the complete separation of the three branches of Government from one another. The Court of Appeals violated this principle in asserting sua sponte that the judiciary has no jurisdiction over the classified documents due to the fact that access was for the ultimate purpose of clemency, an executive function. In fact, the President's clemency power would be wholly unaffected by successor counsel's access to the classified documents, and the classified documents were sealed under protective order, a judicial tool. The Supreme Court denied this appeal on March 20, 2006.

[edit] Ron Olive book

Ron Olive, retired NIS Naval Investigative Service, now Naval Criminal Investigative Service, led the Pollard investigation, and in 2006 published the book Capturing Jonathan Pollard - How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice. In his book, Olive portrays Pollard as not necessarily loyal to Israel. Olive provides his interpretation of material from a surveillance video of Pollard at his desk ^[23]. Olive claims that Pollard confessed to passing secrets to South Africa and to his financial advisors, shopping his access to Pakistan and recruiting others for money. However, he was not charged with these allegations. ^[24] The Jerusalem Post also published a countering article by Pollard's wife Esther, Lynching Jonathan Again, where she describes Olive's claims as "old lies... repackaged." ^[25]

Pollard's pro bono attorneys, Eliot Lauer and Jacques Semmelman, in an article published in the Jerusalem Post, assert that there is no basis for Olives' claims and accusations against Pollard ^[26]. The attorneys conclude their case by stating "The book and op-ed piece contain numerous accusations that are nowhere to be found in the public sentencing docket, and that could not be disclosed if they were in the classified sentencing docket. They are therefore in neither place, and cannot be considered even remotely reliable....In sum, while Olive describes his book as a 'true documented story,' it is nothing of the sort. To use Olive's own words, his book is an exercise in 'speculation, rumor, myths and lies.'"

[edit] Miscellaneous

Jonathan's first wife Anne was granted her divorce after release from prison, serving five years. Anne was paroled after serving 40 months of her sentence on account of her good adjustment to prison life and also on account of medical conditions. Anne moved to Israel for a time in the late 1990s and then settled in California, where she then took up employment working in fashion design. Jonathan is now married to Esther. Although Anne Pollard, in an interview, says she has not spoken to her ex-husband since the divorce, she has continued her involvement to free him.

His story inspired the movie Les Patriotes (The Patriots) by French director Éric Rochant in which US actor Richard Masur portrayed a character resembling Pollard.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Official website authorized by Jonathan and Esther Pollard
• FreePollard website
• Israel acknowledges spying on US. BBC News, 12 May, 1998
• All about Jonathan Pollard
• Jonathan Pollard was no Jewish patriot column by Eric Margolis.
• Why Pollard Should Never Be Released (The Traitor) by Seymour Hersh
• Why Jonathan Pollard is Still in Prison by Edwin Black, published in The Forward and archived in the Internet Archive. A shorter version of this article was published here in the The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles.
• CRS Report for Congress RS20001 Jonathan Pollard: Background and Considerations for Presidential Clemency - Federation of American Scientists
• JonathanPollard.com - multilingual articles about Jonathan Pollard
• What is the Story Behind Jonathan Pollard?