Jorge Manrique
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Jorge Manrique (ca1440 – 1479) is a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father), is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.
Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, corregidor of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.
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[edit] The Minor Lyrics
Jorge Manrique wrote love lyrics in the courtly-love tradition and two satires. These called canciones (songs), esparsas (short poems, generally of a single stanza), preguntas y respuestas (questions and answers), and glosas de mote (glosses of mottoes). The first edition of the Cancionero general of Hernando del Castillo (1511) has the most complete selection of Manrique's poems, but some of the lyrics appear in other early editions and manuscripts.
[edit] Coplas a la muerte de su padre
Coplas a la muerte de su padre is Jorge Manrique's best composition. It is a funeral elegy dedicated to the memory of Rodrigo Manrique, who died on 11 November 1476 in Ocaña. Jorge thought that his father led a life worth living, and his poem contrasts types of life (or death):
- the terrestrial life that ends in death
- the eternal life after death
- the life of the fame
Stanzas 1-24 talk about an excessive devotion to earthly life from a general point of view, but features some of the most memorable metaphors in the poem. Among other things, life is compared to a road filled with dangers and opportunities and to a river that ends in the sea:
I
Recuerde el alma dormida O let the soul her slumbers break, avive el seso e despierte Let thought be quickened, and awake; contemplando Awake to see cómo se passa la vida, How soon this life is past and gone, cómo se viene la muerte And death comes softly stealing on, tan callando; How silently! cuán presto se va el plazer, Swiftly our pleasures glide away, cómo, después de acordado, Our hearts recall the distant day da dolor; With many sighs; cómo, a nuestro parescer, The moments that are speeding fast cualquiere tiempo passado We heed not, but the past,—the past, fue mejor. More highly prize.
IIINuestras vidas son los ríos Our lives are rivers, gliding free que van a dar en la mar, To that unfathomed, boundless sea, que es el morir. The silent grave! Allí van los señoríos Thither all earthly pomp and boast derechos a se acabar Roll, to be swallowed up and lost e consumir. In one dark wave. allí los ríos caudales, Thither the mighty torrents stray, allí los otros medianos Thither the brook pursues its way, e más chicos, And tinkling rill, allegados, son iguales There all are equal; side by side los que viven por sus manos The poor man and the son of pride e los ricos. Lie calm and still.
The section invokes general examples of human waywardness that one may encounter along the road leading to heaven or hell, but then gives some examples of infamous deaths drawn from contemporary Spanish history. These examples are introduced by the rhetorical questions called ubi sunt (Where are they?) in stanzas 15-24:
XVI
¿Qué se hizo el rey don Joan? Where is the King, Don Juan? Where Los infantes d'Aragón Each royal prince and noble heir ¿qué se hizieron? Of Aragon ? ¿Qué fue de tanto galán, Where are the courtly gallantries? qué de tanta invinción The deeds of love and high emprise, como truxeron? In battle done? ¿Fueron sino devaneos, Tourney and joust, that charmed the eye, qué fueron sino verduras And scarf, and gorgeous panoply, de las eras, And nodding plume, las justas e los torneos, What were they but a pageant scene? paramentos, bordaduras What but the garlands, gay and green, e çimeras? That deck the tomb?
The last part of the poem is devoted to his father and talks about the life of fame and the possibility of continuing to live in the memories of the living, when one is great and has accomplished great deeds while living (stanzas 25-32). The poem ends with a small dramatic dialogue in which don Rodrigo confronts a personified Death, who deferentially takes his soul to Heaven (stanzas 33-39). A final stanza (40) gives consolation to the family.
The language Manrique uses is precise, exact, without decoration or difficult metaphors. It appears to focus on the content of what is said and not on how it is said. The poem has forty stanzas, each composed of twelve eight- and four-syllable lines that rhyme ABc ABc DEf DEf. Every third line is a quebrado (half line). The verse form is now known as the copla manriqueña (Manriquean stanza), because his poem was so widely read and glossed that he popularized the meter. Its alternation of long and short lines, and their punctuation, made the verses flexible enough to sound somber or light and quick.
Coplas por la muerte de su padre has been translated at least twice, once by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The translations of stanzas I, III, and XVI provided above are by Longfellow.
[edit] Reference
Domínguez, Frank A. Love and Remembrance: The Poetry of Jorge Manrique. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1989.
Domínguez, Frank. "Jorge Manrique" in Castilian Writers, 1400-1500 Vol. 286. Detroit: Gale, c2004. (The article can be accessed as well in electronic format through the database Literature Resource Center at Gale in participating libraries.)
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique. Boston: Allen & Ticknor, 1833.
Serrano de Haro, Antonio. Personalidad y destino de Jorge Manrique. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1966.
