Julian, Cardinal Cesarini

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Julian, Cardinal Cesarini (Rome 1398 – Varna, Bulgaria November 10, 1444) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Pope Martin V on the conclusion of the Western Schism. His intellect and diplomacy made him a powerful agent of Papal superiority against the Conciliar movement, especially at the Council of Basel. The French bishop Bossuet described Cesarini as the strongest bulwark that the Catholics could oppose to the Greeks in the council of Florence.

One of five brothers of a well-established Roman family of the minor nobility^[1] and educated at Perugia, where he lectured on Roman law and had Domenico Capranica and Nicholas of Cusa among his pupils. When the schism was ended by the general recognition of Martin V as pope, Giuliano returned to Rome, where he attached himself to Cardinal Branda.

The suggestions of wide reform that informed the Conciliar movement were rife, and Cesarini devoted his career to the principles of the outward unity of the Church and its reformation from within.

In 1419 he accompanied Cardinal Branda, who thought highly of him, on his difficult mission to Germany and Bohemia, where the Hussites were in open rebellion. In 1426 Martin V created him cardinal and sent him to Germany to preach a crusade against excesses of the reformers there.

[edit] Council of Basel

Main article: Council of Basel.

Cesarini was made President of the Council of Basel in which capacity he successfully resisted the efforts of Eugene IV to dissolve the council, though later (1437) he withdrew from the opposition, in the perception that they were more anxious to humiliate the pope than to accomplish reforms, for his first loyalty was to the idea of papal supremacy. When Eugenius convoked the rival Council of Ferrara, Cesarini he was made head of the commission appointed to confer with the Hussites. In 1439, owing to a plague, the council was transferred from Ferrara to Florence, where Cesarini continued to play a prominent part in the negotiations with the Greeks.

After the council was dissolved, Cesarini was sent as papal legate to Hungary (1443) to promote a national crusade against the Turks. He was opposed to the peace with Ladislaus, King of Hungary and Poland, and signed at Szegedin with Sultan Amurath III, and persuaded the former to break it and renew the war. It was an unfortunate step and resulted in the disastrous defeat of the Christian army at Varna, 10 November 1444, when Cardinal Giuliano was slain in the flight.

His two well-known letters to Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (later Pius II)about the pope's relations to the Council of Basel are printed among the works of Pius II (Pii II Opera Omnia, Basel 1551, p. 64).

[edit] Notes

^ Cesarini genealogy; his brother Giacomo was appointed papal Podestà of Orvieto and Foligno in 1444; his great-nephew, also Giuliano Cesarini Giuliano (1466-1510) was made a cardinal in 1493. (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church).