ウォルター・クレーン
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
ウォルター・クレーン（Walter Crane, 1845年8月15日 - 1915年3月14日）は、イギリスの芸術家である。リヴァプールに生まれ、彼はArts and Crafts movementの一部であった。彼は、絵画、イラストレーション、児童書、陶磁器タイル、その他の装飾芸術を生産した。
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[編集] 前半生と影響
Walter Crane was the second son of Thomas Crane, portrait painter and miniaturist. He early came under the influence of the en:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and was a diligent student of en:John Ruskin. A set of coloured page designs to illustrate Tennyson's "en:Lady of Shalott" gained the approval of wood-engraver William James Linton to whom Walter Crane was apprenticed for three years (1859-1862). As a wood-engraver he had abundant opportunity for the minute study of the contemporary artists whose work passed through his hands, of en:Dante Gabriel Rossetti, en:John Everett Millais, Sir en:John Tenniel and en:Frederick Sandys, and of the masters of the en:Italian Renaissance, but he was more influenced by the en:Elgin marbles in the en:British Museum. A further and important element in the development of his talent was the study of Japanese colour-prints, the methods of which he imitated in a series of toy-books, which started a new fashion.
[編集] 絵画とイラストレーション
1862年、彼の絵『The Lady of Shalott』がen:Royal Academyでexhibitされたが、しかしアカデミーは the Academy steadily refused his maturer work; and after the opening of the en:Grosvenor Gallery in 1877 he ceased to send pictures to Burlington House. In 1864 he began to illustrate a series of sixpenny toy-books of en:nursery rhymes in three colours for en:Edmund Evans. He was allowed more freedom in a series beginning with The Frog Prince (1874) which showed markedly the influence of 日本 art, and of long visit to イタリア following on his 結婚 in 1871.
The Baby's Opera was a book of English nursery songs planned in 1877 with Evans, and a third series of children's books with the collective title Romance of the Three R's, provided a regular course of instruction in art for the nursery. In his early "Lady of Shalott" the artist had shown his preoccupation with unity of design in book illustration by printing in the words of the poem himself, in the view that this union of the calligrapher's and the decorator's art was one secret of the beauty of the old illuminated books.
He followed the same course in The First of May: A Fairy Masque by his friend en:John Wise, text and decoration being in this case reproduced by photogravure. The Goose Girl illustration taken from his beautiful Household Stories from Grimm (1882) was reproduced in tapestry by en:William Morris.
Flora's Feast, A Masque of Flowers had lithographic reproductions of Crane's line drawings washed in with water colour; he also decorated in colour The Wonder Book of en:Nathaniel Hawthorne, and en:Margaret Deland's Old Garden. In 1894 he collaborated with William Morris in the page decoration of The Story of the Glittering Plain, published at the en:Kelmscott Press, which was executed in the style of 16th century Italian and German en:woodcuts. Crane also illustrated editions of en:Edmund Spenser's en:Faerie Queene (12 pts., 1894-1896) and The Shepheard's Calendar.
クレーンは、『Queen Summer』(1891年)、『Renascence』(1891年)および『The Sirens Three』(1886年)の3冊の詩集を著わし、これに挿絵を入れた。
[編集] 社会主義
1880年代前期から、おもにモリスの影響を受けて、クレーンは、was closely associated with the 社会主義運動. He did as much as モリス自身 to bring art into the daily life of all classes. With this object in view he devoted much attention to designs for en:textiles, for en:wallpapers, and to house decoration; but he also used his art for the direct advancement of the Socialist cause. For a long time he provided the weekly cartoons for the Socialist organs Justice and The Commonweal. Many of these were collected as Cartoons for the Cause. He devoted much time and energy to the work of the en:Art Workers Guild, and to the en:Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, founded by him in 1888.
[編集] 成熟作品
『The Bridge of Life』(1884)および『The Mower』(1891)を含む, 主に寓意的な主題の、彼自身のイーゼル画は、定期的にGrosvenor Galleryで、のちにen:New Galleryで展覧された。 "Neptune's Horses" は、1893年にNew Galleryで展覧され、 and with it may be classed his "Rainbow and the Wave."
His varied work includes examples of plaster relief, tiles, stained glass, pottery, wallpaper and textile designs, in all of which he applied the principle that in purely decorative design "the artist works freest and best without direct reference to nature, and should have learned the forms he makes use of by heart." An exhibition of his work of different kinds was held at the en:Fine Art Society's galleries n Bond Street in 1891, and taken over to the United States in the same year by the artist himself. It was afterwards exhibited in the ドイツ、オーストリアおよびスカンジナビア.
Crane became an associate of the en:Water Colour Society in 1888; he was an examiner for the en:Science and Art Department at the en:South Kensington Museum (now the en:Victoria & Albert Museum; director of design at the Manchester Municipal school (1894); art director of en:Reading College (1896); and in 1898 for a short time principal of the en:Royal College of Art. Manchesterにおける講義は、『The Bases of Design』(1898)および『Line and Form』(1900)としてillustrated drawingsとともに刊行された。 The Decorative Illustration of Books, Old and New (2nd ed., London and New York, 1900) is a further contribution to theory. George Frederick Wattsによるクレーンの有名な肖像画は、New Galleryにおいて1893年に展覧された。
[編集] References
- この記述はパブリックドメインの百科事典『ブリタニカ百科事典第11版』（"Encyclopædia Britannica" 1911年版）に基づいています。
