チリでの学生運動 (2006年)

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チリでの学生による学生運動 (2006年)（Penguins' Rebellion）は、2006年の4月から6月に掛けて行われたチリの学生による学生運動について記載する。60万人もの学生がデモを行い、5月30日にピークを迎えた。チリの歴史で最も大きい学生運動である。

The 2006 student protests in Chile (also know as the Penguins' Rebellion, because of the black and white uniforms of public schools) is a series of ongoing protests carried out by secondary students between April and June. The movement has, to date, peaked in May 30 with over 600,000 students adhering to strikes and demonstrations throughout the country, thus becoming the largest student movement in Chilean history.

学生の要求は特に以下の通り。

The students' demands, among other things, are:

Amend the Constitutional Law on Education, LOCE.
The end of Municipalization of Education in Chile.
Reform to the Complete Daily School system, JEC.
Abolition of fees for University Selection Test, PSU.

通学費の無償化

Free School Transportation.

[編集] Background

A banner in an occupied school reads "LOCE is a loser"

The Organic Constitutional Law of Education or LOCE (Statute Nº 18.962) was issued on March 7 1990 and published on 10 March, the last day of the Pinochet's governance of Chile. Despite being widely criticized by both students and teachers as well as the ruling Coalition of parties for Democracy, it has remained largely unmodified since the resortation of democracy. Critics of LOCE point out that it reduces the state's participation in education to a soley regulatory and protective role, whilst the true responsibility of education has been transfered to private and public corporations (public schools being managed by local governments — Municipalidades), thus reducing the participation that students, parents, teachers and non-academic employees had previously enjoyed in their schools. During the 1990's, one of the main objectives of the Concertación Administration was a so-called Educational Reform. One of the principal pillars of this reform, launched during the Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle administration, was the Jornada Educacional Completa, JEC (Daily School System) — a plan to increase the hours that secondary students actually spend in classrooms (in many cases not increasing the number of additional classrooms and other infrastructure required). However, it is considered by many that levels of education have dropped to worrying levels despite the high level of government spending on public education. Studies have showed that the JEC still has not been correctly implemented nor has it achieved the desired results.^[1].

Since 2000 a new demand has emerged with respect to the school transportation system and the new University Selection Test, and although much progress was made in some areas, the core of the students demands have remained unsolved as of 2006.

[編集] Initial Demonstrations

A penguin cartoon and "Down with the LOCE"

After the announcement in April of an new increase in fees for the PSU (up to $19.000 Chilean Pesos or around 30 euros) and the decision to permit students to recieve reduced fares just twice a day (a system knows as Pase Escolar, which allows accredited students to pay just third of the normal fare in the Mass Transportation System), several public schools in Santiago organized demonstrations in the Alameda Avenue (Santiago's main street) demanding both a free Pase Escolar (for which accreditation the Ministry of Education also charges a fee) as well as a free PSU. These demonstrations ended in some outbursts of violence — the Carabineros (the Chilean police) subsequently arrested 47 secondary students on April 26.^[2]

In the following days, new demonstrations took place without the permission of the Santiago Local Government. Despite the Ministry of Education acceding to minor demands, the students were left unsatisfied.^[3]

A few days later on May Day, secondary students of Santiago took part in a massive demonstration on Parque Almagro, near downtown Santiago. Again violence erupted and 1,024 students were arrested by Carabineros in the capital as well as in other cities throughout the country.^[4]. The violence was consequently condemned by the Government and public opinion.

Nothing justifies violence, violence is not the way and the government backs the actions of the police. The students have accomplished nothing Felipe Harboe, Deputy Minister of Interior, May 10,2006

[編集] 職業

Instituto Nacional occupied en toma, may 19th, 2006

画像:Discurso 21 mayo.jpg

May 21, 2006 Speech. President Bachelet

3週間もの抗議の結果、学生の要求は遂げられて

After 3 weeks of protests, little progress had been achieved in the students' demands and acts of violence had been counter-productive to public sympathy of their struggle. A turning point arose when students of Instituto Nacional (the oldest public secondary school in the country) and Liceo de Aplicación (also a traditional school of Santiago) were overran the campuses of these schools during the night of May 19 ^[5] demanding an improvement in the educational reform including: the termination of the present system of schools having being run by municipalities since 1982, the repeal of the LOCE, as well as a a clear declaration by President Bachelet in her address to the nation on May 21. Nethertheles, the President only made indirect allusions to the conflict and in general terms condemned the previous weeks' acts of violence.

I want our citizens to be critical, self-conscious, and to express their ideas and demands. However the criticism must be expressed in a constructive manner, laying clear proposals upon a table, and most importantly, with an unveiled face without resorting to violence. I want to be crystal clear in this, what we have witnessed in the past weeks is unacceptable. I shall not tolerate acts of vandalism or intimidation. We won democracy without resorting to concealing our faces and we shall continue [enjoying it] without doing so (this was in reference to the practice of certain individuals who anonomously partook in violence under the cover of hoods)..^[6]|Michelle Bachelet, Presidential Speech, May 21, 2006

The government's answer did not satisfy the students' leaders who called for the continuation of demonstrations, even though the Instituto Nacional's students desisted in its occupation of the school in exchange for a strike which was supported by teachers, parents and the administration alike.^[7]. Occupations of several Liceos (public secondary schools) continue — among others Liceo Confederación Suiza and Liceo Carmela Carvajal — and two failed attempts to occupy the Liceo José Victorino Lastarria in Providencia.^[8]. Although peaceful, the occupations were rejected by the government and the Education Minister Martín Zilic, broke off negotiations stating that he would not come back to the table as long as the mobilizations continued.^[9] In order to move forward in a discussion about quality, we need everybody's participation (...) that's a dialogue, not with occupations of schools, not with violence on the streets, not with covered faces. The president said we won democracy with uncovered faces and we are going to maintain talks with an uncovered face as a lesson to some youths in Santiago who have occupied their schools; that's not the way. The path is through dialogue, that is the way you build a better education and make a big leap to the future.^[9]Martín Zilic, Coihaique, March 23, 2006

However, the ministerial strategy of avoiding dialogue did not work out. Since the following april 24, there were fourteen schools either occupied or on strike including the Liceo Nº1 de Niñas — the school were President Bachelet herself had studied.^[10].

As the situation deteriated, the President addressed the nation: What is not understandable is that while trying to talk, there s ther also the applying of pressure. That is not the way to create dialogue in a democracy. It is terrific that they have chosen to reveal their faces. Now what they must do is to be able to dialogue seriously, but with a will to negotiate from both sides. The government is willing to discuss many topics, but it must be done with respect and without pressure. The government has already shown that it agrees to seek a solution on the PSU, school bus pass, jointly with the ministries of Transportation, Education, and Finance, and they know this...regarding the the JEC, they know that I am interested in knowing their evaluation of the JEC, if they consider that it isn't fulfilling its objective, what we want is to improve the quality of education, we are completely available to listen to everything. That same night, eleven schools in Santiago, Ñuñoa, Estación Central, La Cisterna, Maipú, Providencia y Recoleta were occupied by students.^[11]. The students received political support from government members of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile, the College of Teachers and other institutions, leaving Minister Zilic in a fragile position. He finally called for a new round of negotiations with "all representatives of schools in conflict" which was scheduled for the folowing Monday 29 May.^[12]. Throughout the day, more schools were occupied in Arica, Iquique, Valparaíso, Rancagua y Concepción.

School Movement
Date	Ocuppied	On Strike	Total
Friday 19	2	0	2
Sunday 21	2	0	2
Monday 22	1	4	5
Tuesday 23	6	8	14
Wednesday 24	17	10	27
Thursday 25	24	16	40
Friday 26	~30	> 70	> 100
Tuesday 30	320	> 100	> 420

However, the situation was ignited on Friday 26 May. Students from Maipú, San Miguel, Las Condes, Puente Alto y Pudahuel carried out peaceful marches and private schools adhered to the events. 100,000 students (and up to a 100 schools) were on mass demonstrations throughout the country. Meanwhile the Assembly of Secondary Students called for a national strike on Tuesday 30 May^[13], which was supported by the Students Federation of the University of Chile, FECH^[14], and the Teachers National Union ^[15].

Public opinion became increasingly critical of the government and its mishandling of the crisis, forcing President Bachelet to express her will to reestablish a dialogue "in a agenda without exclusions" but reaffirming that this new stand was not a contradiction nor a defeat; "what we have here is the decision to sit down to talk and listen. There will be things which we agree on and there will be others which we do not".^[16]

The last opportunity to avoid a nationwide strike was the meeting called by the Minister Zilic with the representatives of the schools in conflict. However, this meeting was not presided by him but rather his deputy Under-Secretary Pilar Romaguera, a stiuation which was rejected by the students. The builing chosen for the negotiations did not have the capacity for the aproximately one hundred student representatives, leading to the secondary students refusing to continue the negotiations under such circumstances and thus the nationwide strike was not called off ^[17]. The government maintained confidence in continuing negotiations, refusing to consider the situation as a failure and insisting that a small step had been achieved. [In the Ministry]] disorganization reigned. It was pretty clear they were in a hurry, and we can't sit down and talk and even more resolve anything in such circumstances. César Valenzuela, Secondary Students Coordinating Assembly spokesman.

After the breakdown of the meeting the Secondary Students Coordinating Assembly (ACES in Spanish) reorganized itself into six regional branches and received a meeting with senators of both the Concertación and the Alliance for Chile^[18], another expression of the wide spread support the movement had won.

[編集] 国家の打撃

Universidad de Chile students take part in the National Strike

According to ACES, more than two hundred and fifty schools wer paralyzed on 30 May 2006^[19] in a day that was characterized by diverse acts of violence, despite many calls to carry out demonstrations peacefully. The secondary students' call to strike was followed by university students from Universidad de Chile,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and the Universidad de Santiago. The actual number of students on strike was calculated at between 600,000^[20] and one million ^[21]. During that morning, President Bachelet, summoned her Political Cabinet — the Ministers of Internal Affairs, Finance, General Secretary of Government and General Secretary of the Presidency — as well as Minister Zilic to an special meeting in La Moneda. Zilic was called away meet directly that afternoon with tewenty-three student leaders in the Biblioteca Nacional — a neutral place chosen because of the symbolism of being Chile's principal public library.

Special Forces of Carabineros de Chile during the National Strike

In other areas of the country, a number of demonstrations took place, many being broken up by Carabineros (the Chilean police force). The main incidents took place in Maipú, Puente Alto, La Florida (all large middle-class districts of Santiago) and in Santiago itself around the Liceo de Aplicación, the University of Chile's head office. Carabineros were widely criticized for their using of tear gas even on uninvolved people who where merely gathering around the National Library waiting for the resolution of the meeting there ^[22]. The press showed images of policemen arresting students and bystanders inside buses and private houses and even press members being attacked ^[23] by the Special Forces of Carabineros. Fighting extended throw out the night, with 725 people arrested and 26 injured.^[24]

The actions of the police were strongly repudiated by the public. Some of the strongest reactions came from the press and the President herself. "For our government, a complete freedom of expression and the right to work are fundamental; that is why we have expressed our indignation at the latest events suffered both by journalists and cameramen as well as the students who have been victims of excesses, abuse, condemnable unjustified violence. We want our police to safeguard our security, but we can not accept the events we witnessed yesterday".]]^[25]

Despite having initially backed the police, the Santiago local government and the Interior Minister, Andrés Zaldívar, both later severely criticized them as did later on the Chief Commander of the Carabineros who opened an investigation and dismissed ten officers including the Special Forces Prefect and his deputy. "I accordance to my powers, I have ordered the dismissal of the Special Forces Prefect (...) This as a sign that I shall not tolerate, as I said when I assumed this rank, any excesses. I will also defend all procedures adhering to the law, but this is not such a case", General Alejandro Bernales^[26]

Further demonstrations, mostly peacefully, took place in Temuco and Valparaíso, with some riots in the Santiago's Plaza Italia, resulting in the arrest on 31 May of fifty-four people.^[27]

[編集] 現在進行の交渉

A student satirizing President Bachelet

5月31日、ACESのメンバーは、Ministryの提案を分析するためにInstituto Nacionalに集まりました。何百人の学生指導者らによる幾時間にもわたる口論の結果、彼らのスポークスマンは、政府の提案との不一致―収入の　宣言した。

On 31 May, members of ACES gathered at the Instituto Nacional to analyze the proposal from the Ministry. After hours of debate by the hundreds of student leaders, their spokespersons declared their disagreement with the government's proposal — to extempt the PSU fees for applicants of the three lowest quintiles of income — and extended an ultimatum until the following Monday in which they would call for a national general strike, which would also include universities, teachers and workers.^[28] Minister Zilic met the students again in the Recoleta Domínica, an old church in Santiago. After seven hours of negotiations the students declared that the had not received new offers and their call to a general strike would continue. Zilic declared the unwillingness of the Government to negotiate under such pressure ^[29]. 6月1日の晩、大統領Bacheletは、国民にむけてふたたび演説し、教育改革に関する最終的な提案を告知した。 In the evening of 1 June President Bachelet addressed the nation for a second time and announced her final proposal on education reform:^[30]^[31]

Reorganize the Ministry of Education教育省を再編成する, creating a separate institution of regulation to allow for independent supervision by a Superintendancy.
Establishment of a Presidential Council of Education with the task of proposing measures to improve the quality of education.
Reform of the LOCE, consecrating not only the freedom of education, but also the right to quality education as well as impeding any unjustified discrimination of students by institutions. This measure is intended to prohibit the present practice of many schools of selecting the best students and blocking or expelling the worst ones.
Half a million new student beneficiaries of free lunches and meals in 2006 to be extended to 770,000 by 2007.
Extensive investment in infrastructure in 520 schools.
Free Transportation Pass (Pase Escolar) for the most needy students, as well as making this valid to seven days a week, twenty four hours a day for all students.
Free PSU for 150,000 students, equivalent to 80% of annual applicants.

Bachelet also refered specifically to her incapacity to deliver a free transportation system to all students which would have a cost of 166 billion Chilean pesos annually (300 million dollars), which would be equivalent to the total cost of funding 33,000 new social houses, the whole cost of the health system or the creation of seventeen new fully-equipped hospitals. Nethertheless, she did announce a 25% rise in family benefits for 2007 that would affect 968,000 beneficiaries. The following day, the economic proposals were detailed by the Finance Minister Andrés Velasco who announced that the total cost of the measures would reach 60 million dollars for 2006 and 138 million dollars per year from 2007 onwards.^[32]

The students met to analyze this proposal in the Instituto Superior de Comercio on 2 June. After a long reflection of more than eight hours, the ACES met with the Minister to evaluate the President's proposals. Close to 10pm, Minister Zilic announced that he had not been able to reach an agreement with the students which was later verified by the student spokespeople who further announced another meeting for the following day in the Internado Nacional Barros Arana in order to organize the national strike to take place on 5 June.^[33]