Korean ruling class
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Korean ruling class, or Korean power elite, is the relatively small number of Korean people who through similar schools, education, family clans, upbringing, or corporate chaebol wealth and urban power control decision making and policy within either of the partitioned Koreas.
This group is placed within the historical tradition of Confucianism and yangban scholars whose creation can be dated towards the end of the Goryeo dynasty; and that continues through the republican post-1945 and contemporary period; and which is represented by a controlling benevolent stewardship of the politics and economy of Korea by seniors or the older urban-dwelling elements of the population which crosses class, religious, party, and political lines.
[edit] Introduction
Power sharing in Korea has always had similarities to Athenian models of western democracy. Both the creation of leaders and the succession of kings were done by the older and more senior members of Korean society. Rule was never done by fiat, and supremacy was always by consensus of powerful stakeholding families, much similar to that after the western Magna Carta. Even in the earliest times no ruler or king was trusted with either personal armies loyal to him only, or unlimited power. Abdication was often the case even from within the palaces; and dynasties fell even after one battle was lost which had little historical consequence. And it was only after the Japanese occupation period in Korea that leaders akin to dictators assumed supreme power in Korea as Korea struggled to find a new group of homogenous trustworthy leaders to build their future outside of non-scientific leadership class who had failed to develop modernity.
Stability or state-harmony thus depended upon strong pressures leading upwards from all ranks of society with an upward trust in the benevolence and dutifulness of the ruling orders, while at the same time a passive acceptance of their rule once it was established by the majority; even if factionalism and intense debate on succession issues has both inspired and paralyzed Korean political history. Failure at the top inspired a general popular sense of national bad luck, that could only come from the ruler being replaced; which effected a national will that in no way could be defeated by those few at the top who were chosen to rule and guide Korea to the future.
[edit] Buddhist schoolmen and medieval monastic power
As in the western medieval times, the Buddhist schoolmen and monastic class had massive riches, and power from the Silla period to the end of the Goryeo dynasty. Rice production, political power through proximity to Goryeo kings, and huge numbers of slaves were central to this ruling class.
[edit] Korean ruling classes in the Goryeo dynasty
[edit] Neo-Confucian Joseon period yangban leadership
The yangban Confucian scholars grew to prominence during the Joseon dynasty period. From the late 14th century onwards, the yangban class formed the administrative backbone of the Korean nation. They occupied the highest echelon of social caste system.
[edit] Japanese occupation period
From 1905 to 1945, an attempt was made by Japan to create in effect a quisling elite, through forced or voluntary education in Japan, in order to root out the old nationalist Korean class in favor of Japanese loyalists. While it is difficult to determine the exact numbers of Koreans educated in Japan who became part of the ruling elite to 1945, enough impetus occurred for those in the early republican period, during the Korean war to once more study in Japan and bring back technology and business practices back to Korea without the stigma of earlier coercion. Thus a second wave of Japanese educated elite entered Korean influence from the 1960s through 1970s, twenty years after their education in the late 1940s and early 1950s in Tokyo.
[edit] Post WW2
After the Korean war and by the 1960s, a new generation of heavy manufacturing millionaires and soon to be billionaires came into being.
- Chung Ju Yung, (1915-2001) the founder of the Hyundai Group and the richest man in Korea in the 1990s with over 170,000 employees.
[edit] Business elites and ruling classes
Alongside this came a new ruling class elite, who graduated from the famous universities, and most often spent time studying abroad: most notably in the United States. With the highest respect going to those with degrees from the Ivy League, and in business or MBAs.
American Christian colleges and universities have also built very strong influence and power within their own Korean elite classes, and educated a second and third generation of Koreans with American values and linkages, who have taken increased power in business and in government, particularly in Seoul, and the central provinces.
[edit] Technocrat elites and ruling classes
Technocrats with degrees in the sciences or engineering have mostly been subsumed in power and influence in the political process, but have contributed to great success in the larger manufacturing combines, energy and resource cartels, chaebols, and cross-linked industries.
[edit] Tele-com and internet elites and ruling classes
By 2005, a new ruling elite spurred by telecommunications and the internet had come into being: and English studies abroad fell, with a new class of elite studying in China, and planning on extensive business dealings with China upon graduation. At the same time because of the similarity of the Turkic languages to Korean, there have been extensive links with Mongolia launching new elites who will base their fortunes upon export and development in this region.
[edit] The Korean rich list
There is currently no published Korean rich list, despite the wikipedia entry, but Forbes and other chroniclers of the power elites of the world have found sufficient high profile rich in Korea as to generate accurate numbers.
Forbes magazine has hinted at Korea having at the very least 7 high billionaires living on the peninsula, and at least ten families alone who control in the high billions in assets. There are possibly another 5 Korean billionaires abroad, mostly in the USA who maintain dual citizenship.
Low billionaire families are generally accepted to number more than 10 and less than 20; while domestic newspapers have indicated that there are at least 100 families who have more than $250 million in assets: primarily real estate and land being developed; or in manufacturing who have a high enough profile as to be reasonably defined as amongst the very wealthy of the world.
Estimates on the number of Koreans who own more than a million US dollars in assets apart from their houses, and discarding all debts, are figured to be in the range of 65,000 high net worth individuals (HNWI) according to Merrill Lynch research by June 16, 2004. Article cited below.
Amongst the historically most powerful business elite leaders have been:
