Li Bing

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Li Bing (李冰) was a Qin civil/military official who became a cultural and mythological icon. Culturally, he is seen as a great civil administrator and water conservancy expert. Mythologically, he is known as the conqueror of the River God and compared to the Great Yu.

Li Bing was sent by King Zhaoxiang (306 – 251 BCE), to be a military and civilian governor (shou) over the defeated state of Shu. The state of Shu was located in Southwest China, in the Sichuan Province, just west of present day Chengdu. According to the Shi ji, he was appointed as the Governor of Shu about 277 BCE (Sage, 148 {Shi ji, ch. 116, xi nan yi lie zhuan, p. 2995}) Yet, the Chang Jue's Huayang-guo zhi (Annals of the Huayang Kingdom {pp 132-141}), written by the Qin, places him in Shu at 272 BCE. (CHN, Strategic Origins) He arrived as Zhang Ruo had put down the last of the marquis rebellions and moved out to engage the Chu city of Yan. Conveniently, Zhang Ruo did not leave any incumbent ministers. Therefore, Li Bing had complete control over Shu. (Sage, 149) “When he arrived in Shu, Li Bing witnessed the sufferings of local people from frequent flooding of Minjiang River.”(PRC) Additionally, the Qin monarchy had been sending its exiles to this state and the Qin military needed food and infrastructure.

Li Bing then created “the largest, most carefully planned public works project yet seen anywhere on the eastern half of the Eurasian continent.” It would be called Dujiangyan, Capital River Damn. (Sage, 149) He conducted an extensive hydraulic survey of the Min River ( Minjiang) in order to stabilize the waters from flooding settlements and plot out an extension into Chengdu. This extension would be a fairway to provide logistical military support to the Chengdu supply lines. This is standard practice for Qin administrators who routinely combine their agricultural projects for both the civilian and military purposes. (Ibid) The Min River is 735km long and it is the largest and the longest of the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) tributaries.

Li Bing faced a number of daunting tasks. Firstly, the Qin administration is more experienced working more with arid lands then with wet rice paddies. Additionally, by slowing the water current, this reduced the river’s ability to carry away large sediments. At peak discharge, the Min flows at about 5000 or even 6000 cubic meters per second. At low water, it lessens to about 500 cubic meters per second. (Elvin, 121 edited) On the other hand, the water diversion would have a positive effect and with the Qin system of land distribution with wet paddy rice in the Chengdu plains.

But that is only half of the problem. The other half had to do with Shu culture. The native Animist people of Shu believed that the Min was a deity. As recorded in the Shi ji, “Ssu-ma Ch’ien relates the tale that, upon appointment as administrator of Po, a province of Wei, Hsi-men Pao discouraged the superstition of the people about a bride for the god of the river and punished the local gentry and bureaucrats who took advantage of such superstitions.” (Chi, 67) This was the ordinary practice of Administrators across the region. But, His-men Pao (Pinyin: Ximen Bao) did not succeed. Therefore, in order to avert a similar massive revolt, Li Bing set out to end this practice “by a combination of tact and showmanship”. (Sage, 150)

Steven Sage describes from the Shi ji that the first thing Li Bing did was setup a temple to honor the Min deity. He then offered his own two daughters as brides to the deity. But first he set up a large nuptial banquet along the river. He offered a toast. But the deity did not drink his glass of wine. Deeply offended, Li Bing runs off sword drawn. Two bulls prepared in advance were then seen by the crowd fighting along the river bank. Symbolically, this was Li Bing in a duel with the deity. Li Bing returns to the scene sweating as if in battle and calls for assistance. One of his lieutenants ran up to the bull that Li Bing had pointed out was the deity and killed the bull. The river spirit was subdued. “Through the medium of the bull, Li Bing had won.”(Sage 150-151{Shi ji, ch.116, xi nan yi lie zhuan, pp 2995-2996.})

“In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks.” (CHN, Strategic Origins) These people were mostly exiles from lands conquered by the Qin, as well as Qin pioneers, and the local population.

[edit] References

Chi, Ch‘ao-ting. Key Economic Areas in Chinese History as Revealed in the Development of Public Works for Water-Control. Ed. Relations, American Institute of Pacific. 2d ed. New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1963.

Cotterell, Arthur. First Emperor of China. London: MacMillan London Limited, 1981.

Elvin, Mark. The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China 1st ed. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2004.
Sage, Steven F. Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
CHN “Taming the Floodwaters: The High Heritage Price of Massive Hydraulic Projects” China Heritage Newsletter China Heritage Project, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National University No. 1, March 2005

[1] 08 April 2005. 27 June 2006. [2]