List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number
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The following is a list of musical instruments, categorized according to the Hornbostel-Sachs system by how they make sound.
Contents
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[edit] 1. Idiophones
Idiophones are instruments which make sound primarily by way of the instrument itself vibrating without the use of membranes or strings.
[edit] 11. Struck idiophones
Idiophones set in motion by a percussion action, including 111. directly struck instruments, 112. indirectly strucked. With 112.1 shaken and 112.2 scraped.
- 111. directly struck
- 112. indirectly struck
- Celesta
- Chimes
- Fangxiang
- Glasschord
- Guiro
- Hang
- Hosho
- Lithophone
- Maracas
- Marimba
- Marimbaphone
- Metallophone
- Ranat ek lek
- Ranat thum lek
- Steelpan (steel drum)
- Toy piano
- Ugal
- Vibraphone
- Washboard
- Xylorimba
[edit] 12. Plucked idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by plucking.
- Jew's harp
- Marímbula
- Mbira
- Musical box or music box
[edit] 13. Friction idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by rubbing.
- Glass harp
- Glass harmonica
- Daxophone
- Hydrodaktulopsychicharmonica
- Musical Saw
- Nail violin
- Styrophone
- Verrophone
[edit] 14. Blown idiophones
Instruments set into vibration by blowing or moving air.
[edit] 2. Membranophones
Membranophones are instruments which make sound primarily by way of a vibrating membrane. This includes all drums.
[edit] 21. Struck drums
- Bass drum
- Bodhrán
- Bongo drum
- Conga
- Dabakan
- Kettle drum
- O Daiko
- Octoban
- Snare drum
- Tabla
- Taiko
- Tambourine (the jingles also make this an idiophone)
- Timpani
- Tom-Tom
[edit] 22. Plucked drums
Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below).
[edit] 23. Friction drums
[edit] 24. Singing membranes
Instruments in which a membrane modifies some other sound (typically the human voice) in some way (mirlitons).
[edit] 3. Chordophones
Chordophones are instruments that produce sound primarily by the vibration of a string or strings.
[edit] 31. Simple chordophones
Instruments consisting of a simple string bearer and strings - there may be an additional resonator, but removing it should not destroy the instrument (so the resonator should not be supporting the strings).
[edit] 32. Composite chordophones
Instruments in which the resonator cannot be removed without destruction of the instrument.
- Aeolian harp
- Balalaika
- Banjo
- Chapman Stick
- Cello
- Cymbalum
- Đàn nguyệt
- Đàn tỳ bà
- Double Bass
- Fiddle
- Guitars:
- Hammered dulcimer
- Hardanger fiddle
- Harp
- Hurdy gurdy
- Khim
- Komungo
- Kora
- Koto
- Kutiyapi/Kutyapi/Kutiapi
- Lute
- Lyre
- Mandolin
- Nyckelharpa
- Overtone guitar
- Sitar
- Ukulele
- Vertical viola (and other members of the violin octet family)
- Vieille
- Viol
- Viola
- Viola d'amore
- Violin
- Washtub bass
- Xalam (or khalam)
[edit] 4. Aerophones
Aerophones are instruments in which the vibrating air itself is the primary cause of sound. This can include a column of air being set in vibration (as in wind instruments) or an air-flow being interrupted by an edge (as in free-reeds).
[edit] 41. Free aerophones
The vibrating air is not contained within the instrument.
[edit] 412.13. Free-reed instruments
Free-reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot (there may be an attached pipe, but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed, and not have an effect on the pitch - instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422.3 by the lack of finger-holes).
[edit] 413. Plosive aerophones
The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air.
- Udu "drum" or kimkim
- Boomwhacker
- PVC Instrument, Tubulum & Drumbone, all invented by Blue Man Group
[edit] 42. Non-free aerophones (wind instruments proper)
The vibrating air is contained within the instrument.
[edit] 421. Edge-blown instruments or flutes
The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips, or his breath is directed against an edge.
- Conch shell (if played like a flute)
- Flute
- Hocchiku
- Huaca
- Jug
- Khloy
- Khlui
- Ocarina
- Palendag/Pulalu
- Pan pipes
- Piccolo
- Recorder
- Slide whistle
- Shakuhachi
- Suling/Babarak
- Tin whistle
- Tumpong/Inci
- Whistle
- Willow flute
[edit] 422. Reed instruments
The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.
[edit] 422.1 Double reed instruments
There are two lamellae which beat against one another.
[edit] 422.111 With cylindrical bore
[edit] 422.112 With conical bore
- Oboe
- Musette (modern small oboe in e♭)
- Oboe d'amore
- Cor anglais / English horn (same instrument)
- Bass Oboe / Baritone Oboe (same instrument)
- Heckelphone
- Bassoon
- Bombarde
- Cromorne
- Sarrusophone
- Sopranino Sarrusophone
- Soprano Sarrusophone
- Alto Sarrusophone
- Tenor Sarrusophone
- Baritone Sarrusophone
- Bass Sarrusophone
- Contrabass Sarrusophone
- Shawm
- Tarogato (traditional))
- Bagpipes:
- Great Highland Bagpipe
- Uilleann pipes
- Northumbrian Smallpipes
- Musette de cour
- Biniou
- Gaita
- Dudelsack
[edit] 422.2 Single reed instruments (clarinets)
There is one lamella which beats against a solid surface.
[edit] 422.211.2 Single clarinets, cylindrical bore, with fingerholes
- Clarinets
- Piccolo clarinet in A
- Sopranino clarinet (in E♭ or D))
- Soprano clarinet (in C, B♭, or A)
- Basset-clarinet (in A or G)
- Basset-horn
- Alto clarinet
- Bass clarinet
- Contra-alto clarinet
- Contrabass clarinet
- Octocontra-alto clarinet
- Octocontrabass clarinet
- Bagpipes:
- Duda
- Swedish bagpipes
- Zampogna
- (see also main article "Types of bagpipes" for many others)
- Experimental:
[edit] 422.212 Conical bore
- Octavin
- Saxophone
- Soprillo (sopranissimo saxophone)
- Sopranino saxophone
- Soprano saxophone in B♭ or C
- Conn-o-sax
- Mezzo-soprano saxophone in F
- Alto saxophone
- C melody saxophone
- Tenor saxophone
- Baritone saxophone
- Bass saxophone
- Contrabass saxophone
- Subcontrabass saxophone
- Tubax
- Tarogato (modern)
[edit] 422.22 Sets of clarinets
- Zummara (Double Clarinet)
[edit] 422.3
Similar to the free-reeds with a pipe attached - distinguished from them by the presence of finger-holes in the pipe.
[edit] 423. Trumpets
The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.
[edit] 423.1 trumpets
There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.
- Bugle
- Conch shell (if played like a trumpet)
- Didgeridoo
- Shofar
- Alphorn
- Lur
- Natural trumpet
- Natural horn
[edit] 423.2 Chromatic trumpets
The pitch can be changed by means of keys (423.21) a slide (423.22) or valves (423.23).
- Bazooka
- Sackbut
- Trombone
- Baritone horn
- Cornett (or Cornetto)
- Serpent
- Tenor Horn / Alto Horn (same instrument)
- Cornet
- Euphonium
- Flugelhorn
- Horn
- Mellophone
- Sousaphone
- Trumpet
- Tuba
- Wagner tuba
[edit] 5. Electrophones
Electrophones are instruments in which sound is generated by electrical means. While it is not officially in any published form of the Hornbostel-Sachs system, and hence, lacking proper numerical subdivisions, it is often considered a fifth main category.
- Denis d'or
- Drum machine
- Hammond organ
- Keyboard bass
- Mellotron
- Moog synthesizers
- Octapad
- Ondes Martenot
- Rhodes piano
- Synclavier
- Synthesizer
- Tannerin (a.k.a. Electro-Theremin)
- Teleharmonium
- Theremin
[edit] External links
- Comprehensive Table of Musical Instrument Classifications
- Vietnamese Chordophones
- Arabic Chordophones
- more chordophones
- Oddmusic A website dedicated to unique, odd, ethnic, experimental and unusual musical instruments and resources.
- From the University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Ethnomusicology Collection: A collection of photographs of over 250 musical instruments from around the world.
| Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification | ||||
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Idiophone | Membranophone | Chordophone | Aerophone | Electrophone List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number |
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