Maliki
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- This page deals with Islamic thought. For the Prime Minister of Iraq, see Nouri al-Maliki. For the Saudi Islamic scholar, see Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki.
The Maliki madhab (Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. It is the third-largest of the four schools, followed by approximately 15% of Muslims, mostly in North Africa and West Africa.
Madhabs are not sects, but rather schools of jurisprudence. There is, technically, no rivalry or competition between members of varying madhabs, and indeed it would not be uncommon for followers of all four to be found in a randomly selected American or European mosque.The other three schools of thought are Shafi, Hanafi, and Hanbali.
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[edit] Less reliance on hadith
The Maliki school derives from the work of Imam Malik. It differs from the three other schools of law most notably in the sources it uses for derivation of rulings. All four schools use the Qur'an as primary source, followed by the sunnah of the prophet Muhammad transmitted as hadith (sayings), ijma (consensus of the People) and Qiyas (analogy); the Maliki school, in addition, uses the practice of the people of Medina (a'mal ahl al-medina) as a source.
This source, according to Malik, sometimes supersedes hadith, because the practice of the people of Medina was considered "living sunnah," in as much as the Prophet migrated there, lived there and died there, and most of his companions lived there during his life and after his death. The result is a much more limited reliance upon hadith than is found in other schools.
Imam Malik was particularly scrupulous about authenticating his sources when he did appeal to them, however, and his comparatively small collection of ahadith, known as Al-Muwatta ("The Approved"), is highly regarded. Malik is said to have explained the title as follows: "I showed my book to seventy jurists of Medina, and every single one of them approved me for it (kulluhum wâta’ani `alayh), so I named it ‘The Approved’."
[edit] Imam Malik
Malik was once sentenced to a lashing by the caliph Abu Ja`far al-Mansur for narrating a hadith to the effect that a divorce obtained under coercion was invalid. The hadith in question had momentous political implications, because it supported those who argued that the caliph's authority was similarly invalid -- because it, too, had been secured by means of coercion.
Eventually, Malik was paraded through the streets in disgrace and ordered to insult himself publicly. He is reported to have said: "Whoever knows me, knows me; whoever does not know me, my name is Malik ibn Anas, and I say: The divorce of the coerced is null and void!" When the incident was reported to the governor of Medina (who was also the cousin of al-Mansur), Malik was ordered released.
[edit] Differences in prayer from other madhabs
There are slight differences in the preferred methods of salaat, or prayer, in the Maliki school.
- Leaving the hands to dangle at one's sides during prayer; however, the common Sunni practice of joining the hands beneath the chest, right hand over left, does not invalidate the prayer, since leaving the hands down is just a recommended act (in fact, several famous Maliki scholars, including Qadi Iyad, were of the opinion that the hands should in fact be folded across the chest like everyone else does).
- Looking straight ahead at eye-level (i.e. literally "facing" the Ka'aba) during the standing and sitting parts of the prayer, rather than looking down towards the place of prostration
- Not reciting any supplications before the Fatihah in obligatory prayers (the Bismillah, reciting "in the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful," before the Fatihah) is frowned upon in obligatory prayers.
- Turning the right-handed fist is on its side (such that smallest finger is touching the thigh) and moving the right index finger back and forth horizontally during the sitting parts of the prayers
- Saying the ending tasleem only once ("As-salaamu 'alaykum" while turning the head to the right); anything more is frowned upon (except for followers behind an imam, who are recommended to face the front again and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the imam and, if anyone is to their left, turn their head to the left and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the person on their left).
[edit] Notable Maliki jurists
- Imam Malik ibn Anas (714 - 796), Sunni jurist
- Ibn Battuta (February 24, 1304 - 1377), explorer
- Ibn Khaldun (1332/ah732 - 1406/ah808) Scholar, historian and author of the Muqaddimah
- Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (310/922 - 386/996) Sunni jurist and author of the Risala a standard work in Maliki law
- Sahnun ibn Said (160/776-7 - 240/854-5) Sunni jurist and author of the Mudawwana one of the most important works in Maliki law
- [Yusuf ibn Abdul-Barr] Jurist, and scholar in Hadith
- ibn Rushd (Averroes) Philosopher and scholar
- Qadi Iyad ibn Musa al- Yahsubi (d. 1149). Author of ash-Shifa
- Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki (1947 - 2004) Scholar
- Shihab al-Din Qarafi (d. 1285) Egyptian jurist and author
- Ibn Abd-al-Barr
- Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Jundi
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Translation of Malik's Muwatta
- Aisha Bewley's homepage - includes translations of a variety of important Maliki source texts
- Biographical summary of Imam Malik
