Manifesto of the Ninety-Three
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The "Manifesto of the Ninety-Three" is the name commonly given to a 1914 proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War I. The Manifesto galvanized support for the war throughout German schools and universities, but many foreign intellectuals were outraged.
[edit] Text
- Manifesto of the Ninety-Three - English translation at The World War I Document Archive
[edit] Signers
Signers among the 93 included: Nobel Prizes, artists, physicians, physicists, chemists and worldknown college teachers.
[edit] Full list
- Adolf von Beeyer,
- Peter Behrens,
- Emil Adolf von Behring,
- Wilhelm von Bode,
- Aloïs Brandl,
- Lujo Brentano,
- Justus Brinkmann,
- Johannès-Ernst Conrad,
- Franz von Defregger,
- Richard Dehmel
- Adolf Deissmann,
- Friedrich-Wilhem Doerpfeld,
- Friedrich von Duhn,
- Paul Ehrlich,
- Albert Ehrard,
- Carl Engler,
- Gerhart Esser,
- Rudolf Christoph Eucken,
- Herbert Eulenberg
- Henrich Finke,
- Hermann Emil Fischer,
- Wilhelm Foerster
- Ludwig Fulda
- Eduard Gebhardt
- J. -J. de Groot,
- Fritz Haber,
- Ernst Haeckel,
- Max Halbe,
- Adolf von Harnack,
- Gerhart Hauptmann,
- Karl Hauptmann,
- Gustav Hellmann,
- Wilhelm Herrmann,
- Andreas Heusler,
- Adolf von Hildebrand,
- de:Ludwig Hoffmann
- Engelbert Humperdinck,
- Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth
- Arthur Kampf,
- Fritz-August von Kaulbach,
- Theodor Kipp,
- Felix Klein,
- Max Klinger ,
- Aloïs Knoepfler,
- Anton Koch,
- Paul Laband
- Karl Lamprecht
- Philipp Lenard,
- Maximilien Lenz,
- Max Liebermann,
- Franz von Liszt,
- Ludwig Manzel,
- Joseph Mausbach,
- Georg von Mayr,
- Sebastian Merkle,
- Eduard Meyer
- Heinrich Morf,
- Friedrich Naumann
- Albert Neisser,
- Walther Hermann Nernst,
- Wilhem Ostwald,
- Bruno Paul
- Max Planck,
- Albert Plohn,
- Georg Reicke,
- Max Reinhardt,
- Aloïs Riehl,
- Karl Robert,
- Wilhelm Roentgen,
- Max Rubner ,
- Adolf von Schlatter,
- Adolf von Schlatter,
- August Shmidlin,
- Gustav von Schmoller,
- Reinhold Seeberg,
- Martin Spahn,
- Franz von Stuck,
- Hermann Sudermann,
- Hans Thoma,
- Wilhelm Trübner,
- Karl Vollmoeller,
- Richard Voss,
- Karl Vossler,
- Siegfried Wagner,
- Wilhelm Waldeyer,
- August von Wassermann
- Felix Weingartner,
- Théodor Wiegand,
- Wilhelm Wien,
- Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,
- Richard Willstätter,
- Wilhelm Windelband,
- Wilhelm Wundt,
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