Manuel Chysoloras
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Manuel Chysoloras (born Constantinople, buried April 15, 1415, Constance, Germany) was the first teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century. His first visit to Italy was at the time of the siege of Constantinople, when he was sent to Venice by Emperor Palaiologos to implore the aid of the Christian princes. He returned to Constantinople. In 1396 he went to Florence at the invitation of the humanists of that city, Salutato, Niccolo de Niccoli, and their friends, as professor of Greek literature. He severed his connection with the Florentine government, however, before the time for the end of the agreement had expired, owing either to intrigues which Bruno and Filelfo attributed to Niccoli, or perhaps to his moody temperament. He was then engaged in teaching at Milan and afterwards at Pavia. In 1404 he was Manuel II Palaiologos's ambassador in Venice and visited Rome and England in the same capacity. He was also actively employed in promoting a union of the Greek with the Latin Church, and with that object in view returned once more to Constantinople. In 1413 Pope John XXIII chose him to accompany the cardinals sent as delegates to Emperor Sigismund to fix a place for the assembling of a general council. Constance was chosen. He is mentioned in the Bull of convocation. He probably accompanied John XXIII to Constance (1414) and died there the following year. His death gave rise to commemorative essays of which Guarino da Verona made a collection in Chysolorina.
Chysoloras's works include opuscules on the Procession of the Holy Ghost; "Epistolæ tres de comparatione veteris et novæ Romæ"; letters to his brothers, to L. Bruni, to Guauni, to Traversari, to Pallas Strozzi. He also translated Plato's Republic into Latin. Finally he is the author of the first modern Greek grammar, the Erotemeta printed for the first time at Florence in 1484, and immediately studied by Thomas Linacre at Oxford and by Desiderius Erasmus at Cambridge. He was chiefly influential through his teaching in familiarizing men such as Bruni, Salutato, Giacomo da Scarparia, Roberto de' Rossi, Carlo Marsuppini, Vergerio, Decembrie, Guauni, Poggio, with the masterpieces of Greek literature. As an oral teacher he was too verbose and diffuse. As a man, however, such nobility of character and integrity was rarely met with in the Greek teachers who succeeded him in Italy.
This article incorporates text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article "Manuel Chysoloras" by Paul Lejay, a publication now in the public domain.
