Mary Douglas
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Dame Mary Douglas, DBE (born 1921) is a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism.
Her area is social anthropology, where she is considered a follower of Durkheim, with a strong interest in comparative religion.
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[edit] Biography
She was born as Margaret Mary Tew in San Remo, Italy; her parents were in the British colonial service. She had a Roman Catholic education at the Sacred Heart Convent in Roehampton. She went on to study at the University of Oxford from 1939 to 1943; there she was influenced by E.E. Evans-Pritchard.
She worked in the British Colonial Office until 1947, when she returned to Oxford to take up graduate study she had left. She studied with M. N. Srinivas as well as Evans-Pritchard. In 1949 she did field work with the Lele people in what was then the Belgian Congo; this took her to village life in the region between the Kasai River and the Loange River, where the Lele lived on the edge of the previous Kuba kingdom.
In the early 1950s she completed her doctorate, married James Douglas and started a family of three children. She taught at University College, London, where she remained for around 25 years. Subsequently she has had positions in the USA. Her reputation was established by her book Purity and Danger (1966).
She became a Dame Commander of the British Empire in the Queen's New Year's Honours list published on December 30th 2006.
[edit] Contributions to Anthropology
Mary Douglas is best known for her interpretation of the book of Leviticus, and for her role in creating the Cultural Theory of risk.
In Purity and Danger, Douglas first proposed that the kosher laws were not, as many believed, either primitive health regulations or randomly chosen as tests of Jews' commitment to God. Instead, Douglas argued that the laws were about symbolic boundary-maintenance. Prohibited foods were those which did not seem to fall neatly into any category. For example, pigs' place in the natural order was ambiguous because they shared the cloven hoof of the ungulates, but did not chew cud.
Douglas claims that rituals of purity that focus on sexuality are meant to mark the boundaries of the human body, in the same way by which the boundaries of society are marked.
She begins "Purity and Danger" by stating what she considers obvious, that “ambiguous things can seem very threatening” (xi) and claims that “taboo is a spontaneous device for protecting the distinctive categories of the universe… taboo confronts the ambiguous and shunts it into the category of the sacred”.
Douglas' observations about the differences in traditional African societies' views of risks such as sorcery led her to formulate a functionalist theory of how social structures generate supportive worldviews. She developed this more fully into the Cultural Theory of risk in Risk and Culture, written with political scientist Aaron Wildavsky.
While the Cultural Theory of risk has not been hugely important within anthropology, it has made an impact on the inter-disciplinary field of risk perception.
[edit] Works
- The Lele of the Kasai (1963)
- Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (1966)
- Pollution (1968)
- Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology (1970)
- Implicit Meanings (1975) essays
- Evans-Pritchard (1980)
- The World of Goods (1979) with Baron Isherwood
- Risk and Culture (1980) with Aaron Wildavsky
- In the Active Voice (1982)
- How Institutions Think (1987)
- Missing persons: a critique of the social sciences (1988) with Steven Ney
- Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory (1992)
- Thought styles: Critical essays on good taste (1996)
- Leviticus as Literature (1999)
- In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers (2001)
- Jacob's Tears: The Priestly Work of Reconciliation (2004)
- Thinking in Circles (2007)
[edit] References
- Fardon, Richard. Mary Douglas: an Intellectual Biography (1999)
