Middle Scots
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Middle Scots describes the language of Anglic Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 13th century its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax and in vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots which was virtually indistinguishable from early Northumbrian Middle English. Subsequently its orthography differed from that of the emerging Early Modern English standard. Middle Scots was fairly uniform throughout its many texts, albeit with some variation due to the use of Romance forms in translations from Latin or French, echoes of Chaucerian words, turns of phrases and grammar in recensions of southern texts or the writings of Scots in exile in England influenced by southern forms, misunderstandings and mistakes made by foreign printers in Paris or the likes of Chepman and Myllar’s English craftsmen in Edinburgh and the use of archaisms in poetry.
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[edit] History
The now established Stewart identification with the lowland language had finally secured the division of Scotland into two somewhat antagonistic parts, the Gaelic Highlands and the Anglic Lowlands. The adherence of many Highlanders to the Catholic faith during the Reformation led to the 1609 Statutes of Iona forcing Clan chiefs to establish Protestant churches, send their sons to lowland schools and withdraw their patronage from the hereditary guardians of Gaelic culture - the bards. This was followed in 1616 by an act establishing parish schools in the Highlands with the aim of extirpating the Gaelic language. Just over a hundred years later this endeavour gained almost genocidal proportions after the Jacobite uprisings.
The Danish dependency of Orkney and Shetland had been held by Scottish magnates from the late 14th century. These had introduced the Lowland tongue which then began to replace Norn. In 1467 the islands became part of Scotland.
By the early 16th century Scottis (previously used to describe Gaelic in Ireland as well as Scotland) had been adopted for what had become the national language of the Stewart kingdom. The term Erse (Irish) being used for Gaelic. The previous Inglis was then increasingly used to refer to the language south of the border. The first known instance of this was by an unknown man in 1494. In 1559 William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, two of which were Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung and Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin.
From 1610 to the 1690s during the Plantation of Ulster some 200,000 Scots settled in the North of Ireland taking what were to become Ulster Scots dialects with them.
Later in the period southern influence on the language increased owing to the new political and social relations with England, prior to and following the accession of James VI to the English throne. By the Union of Parliaments in 1707 southern Modern English was generally adopted as the literary language though Scots remained the vernacular.
[edit] Orthography
On the whole Middle Scots scribes never managed to establish a single standardised spelling for every word but operated a system of free variation based on a number of spelling variants. Some scribes used their own variants but this was relatively seldom. The least variation occurred in the later 16th century as printers moved towards fixed spellings. This ended in the 17th century when printers began to adopt imported English conventions. Middle Scots used a number of now obsolete letters and letter combinations:
þ (thorn) was equivalent to the modern th as in thae. & Thorn was often indistinguishable from the letter y and often written so.
ȝ (yogh) in nȝ was /ɲ/ as in the French Bretagne. It later changed to /ŋ/ or /j/ leading to the modern spellings with z and y as in Menzies ['mɪŋʌs] and Cunyie ['kʌnji:].
quh [xw] was equivalent to the modern wh.
sch was equivalent to the modern sh.
ß represents the modern s. The initial ff was a stylised single f.
-ys, -is. The inflection -ys once [ɪs, ɪz] now -s. Hence the place name Glamis [glɑ:mz].
d after an n was often (and still is) silent i.e. barrand is ['barən] = barren.
i and j were often interchanged. h was often silent.
l after a and o had become vocalised and remained in use as an orthographic device to indicate vowel length. Hence the place names Balmalcolm [bɑ:'məko:m], Falkirk [fɑ:'kɪrk], Kirkcaldy [kər'kɑ:di], Culross ['ku:rəs] and Culter ['kutər].
i after a vowel was also used to denote vowel length e.g.ai /a:/, ei /e:/ oi /o:/ and ui /y/ or /ø/.
u, v and w were often interchanged.
-ch and -th (-cht, -tht) Some scribes affixed a t after -ch and -th (-cht, -tht) this was an unpronounced orthographic feature.
Ane represented the numeral ane as well as the indefinite article an and a, and was pronounced similar to Modern Scots usage i.e. Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis was pronounced a satyre o the thrie estaits.
yng, -ing The verbal noun (gerund) yng, (-ing) differentiated itself from the present participle -and in Middle Scots. The final d in -and and the final g in -yng, (-ing) being silent, as in cryand and techynge.
[edit] Literature
For text examples see Written Scots language.
[edit] Phonology
The Development of Middle Scots Vowels
| Middle Scots | |||
| Early Scots |
Early c1575 |
Late c1600 |
|
| Long Vowels | |||
| i: → | ëi → | æi | |
| e: → | i: → | i | |
| ↗ | |||
| ɛ: → | e: | ||
| ↘ | |||
| a: → | ɛ: → | e | |
| o: → | o: → | o | |
| u: → | u: → | u | |
| ↗ | |||
| ul: → | ul → | öl | |
| ø: (y:) → | ø: (i:) → | ø: (i) | |
| Diphthongs | |||
| ai → | æi → | ɛ: | |
| ↘ | |||
| a: → | ɛ: → | e | |
| ↗ | |||
| ai → | æ:# → | ɛi# | |
| oi → | oi → | oi | |
| ui → | ui → | öi | |
| ei# → e:# → | i:# → | i | |
| al → | al → | al | |
| ↘ | |||
| au → | ɒ: → | ɑ(:) or ɔ(:) | |
| ↗ | |||
| wa→ | wɛ: → | we | |
| ou → | ou → | öu | |
| ol → | ou → | öu | |
| eu/iu → iu → | iu → | iu/ju | |
| Short Vowels | |||
| ɪ → | ɪ → | ɪ | |
| ɛ → | ɛ → | ɛ | |
| a → | a → | a | |
| ɔ/o → | ɔ/o → | ɔ/o | |
| u → | u → | ö | |
The Scottish Vowel Length Rule is assumed to have come into being between the early Middle Scots and late Middle Scots period. Here vowel length is conditioned by phonetic and morphemic environment. The affected vowels tended to be realised fully long in end-stressed syllables before voiced oral continuants except /l/, in hiatus, before word or morpheme boundaries and before /rd/ and /dʒ/.
The major differences to contemporary southern English were the now well established early merger of /ei/ with /e/ (dey 'die', ley 'lie'), early 15th century l-vocalisation where /al/ (except intervocalically and before /d/), /ol/ and usually /ul/ merged with /au/, /ou/ and /u:/, medial and final /v/ was lost (deil 'devil', ser 'serve'). The Great Vowel Shift occurred partially, /u/ and /ø:/ remained unaffected, /ɔ:/ became /o:/, /i:, e:, ɛ:/ and /a:/ became /ɛi, i:, e:/ and /ɛ:/.
[edit] References
- A History of Scots to 1700 in A Dictionary of Older Scots Vol. 12. Oxford University Press 2002.
- Aitken, A.J. (1977) How to Pronounce Older Scots in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
- Aitken, A.J. (2002) Macafee C. (Ed) The Older Scots Vowels: A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots From the Beginnings to the Eighteenth Century. Edinburgh, The Scottish Text Society. ISBN 1-897976-18-6
- Jones, Charles (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. ISBN 0-7486-0754-4
- Smith, G. Gregory (1902) Specimens of Middle Scots. Edinburgh.
