Militia Act of 1792

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The Militia Act of 1792 was a series of statutes enacted by the second United States Congress in 1792. The act provided for the organization of state militias under the command of the President of the United States.

There were, in fact, two Militia Acts passed by the U.S. Congress in 1792. The first Act, passed May 2, 1792, provided for the authority of the President to call out the militias of the several states, "whenever the United States shall be invaded, or be in imminent danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe."^[1] The law also authorized the President to call the militias into Federal service "whenever the laws of the United States shall be opposed or the execution thereof obstructed, in any state, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by this act".^[2] This provision likely referred to risings such as Shay's Rebellion or the Whiskey Rebellion in opposition to the judicial collection of debts and taxes.

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Militia Act of 1792

The second Act, passed May 8, 1792, provided for the organization of the state militias. It conscripted every "free able-bodied white male citizen" between the ages of 18 and 45 into a local militia company overseen by the state. Militia members were required to arm themselves at their own expense with a musket, bayonet and belt, two spare flints, a cartridge box with 24 rounds of ammunition, and a knapsack. Men owning rifles were required to provide a powder horn, 1/4 pound of gun powder, 20 rifle balls, a shooting pouch, and a knapsack.^[3] Some occupations were exempt, such as congressmen, stagecoach drivers, and ferryboatmen. Otherwise, men were required to report for training twice a year, usually in the Spring and Fall. Two types of milita companies emerged by 1830: Volunteers and Enrolled. Volunteer militia companies were popular, prestigious, and often exclusive, with members possessing political or social connections. Each company designed its own uniforms, marched in parades, and held banquets, balls, etc. Enrolled companies consisted of men who wanted no part of the system, and training days often were drunken parties, with few members possessing working firearms and the required equipment.^{[citation needed]}

The militias were divided into "divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, and companies" as the state legislatures would direct.^[4] The provisions of the first Act governing the calling up of the militia by the President in case of invasion or obstruction to law enforcement were continued in the second Act.^[5] Court martial proceedings were authorized by the statute against militia members who disobeyed orders.^[6]

These Militia Acts were amended by the Militia Act of 1862, which allowed African-Americans to serve in the militias of the United States. They were replaced by the Militia Act of 1903, which established the United States National Guard as the chief body of organized military reserves in the United States.