Muhammad Amin Bughra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message. This article has been tagged since August 2006. |
Muhammad Amin Bughra was a Turkic Muslim leader who intent to raise other independent state The "Eastern Turkestan Republic" with Axis Powers support in spring 1937.
Contents |
[edit] Muhammad Amin Bughra and Eastern Turkestan Republic
In the spring of 1937, rebellion again broke out in southern Xinjiang. A number of factors contributed to the outbreak. In an effort to appease the Turkic Muslims, Sheng had appointed a number of their non-secessionist leaders, including Khoja Niyas Hajji and Yulbars Khan, another leader of the Kumul uprising, to positions of influence in the provincial government, both in Urumchi and Kashgar.
At the same time, educational reforms, which attacked basic Islamic principles, and the atheistic propaganda program, which was being extended into the south, were further alienating the local population from Sheng's administration. In Kashgar Mahmud Shih-chang, a wealthy Muslim and one of Sheng's appointees, became the focal point for opposition to the government.
Meanwhile, in Afghanistan under Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan period, Muhammad Amin Bughra, the exiled leader of the TIRET, had approached the Japanese ambassador in 1935 with "a detailed plan proposing the establishment of an 'Eastern Turkestan Republic' under Japanese sponsorship, with munitions and finance to be supplied by Tokyo.... he suggested as the future leader of this proposed Central Asian 'Manchukuo' none other than Mahmud Shih-chang ( Mahmut Muhiti- commander of 6th Uyghur Division, stationed in Kashgar as part of Sinkiang provincial armed forces, since August,1934 year), amongst the invitation at such political entity as Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere how active member." However, this plan was aborted when Mahmud, fearful for his life, fled from Kashgar to India in April 1937.
Mahmud's flight sparked an uprising amongst his troops against provincial authorities. Those who were pro-Soviet in any way were executed and yet another independent Muslim administration was set up. Iprising was quelled by Soviet troops (by so-called Kyrgyz Brigade, reinforced by armoured vehicles and aviation, there were unconfirmed reports of using chemical weapon by this intervention forces against rebels), invited by Sheng Shicai, in summer 1937.
In 1940 year Muhammad Imin Bughra issued book " Sharkiy Turkestan Tarihi " ( East Turkestan History ) in exile at Kashmir, describing history of region from ancient time to present day and containing analysis of reasons, that led to loss of its Independence in the middle of XVIII century.
In December, 1948 year, Muhammad Imin Bughra was appointed as vise-chief of Sinkiang Government, led by Burkhan Shahidi. He declared alliance with chinese nationalists ( Kuomintang ) for gaining freedom for Eastern Turkestan, under formal protection of " Republic of China ", and necessity of quelling all communist forces in Sinkiang.
[edit] Exile
Upon approaching of China People's Liberation Army to Sinkiang at September, 1949, Muhammad Imin Bughra fled to India, then to Turkey where he joined another exiled uyghur leader- Isa Yusuf Alptekin, former General Secretary of National Assembly of " Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan " ( TIRET, known as first East Turkestan Republic) or " Republic of Uyghurstan" ( Uyghurstan Jumhuriyeti- under such name were minted the first coins, issued by Republic), latter lived short time at November,12, 1933- February,6, 1934 and fell apart under attacks of hui armies of Ma Chung-ying, formally allied with Kuomintang government in Nanking.
Muhammad Imin Bughra died in exile in Turkey at 1965 year.
[edit] References
- Mark Dickens. " The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911-1949) ". 1990
- Allen S. Whiting and general Sheng Shicai. " Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot ? ". Michigan State University Press, USA, 1958
