Jin Ping Mei

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Jin Ping Mei (Templat:Zh-cpl, juga diterjemahakn sebagai Teratai Keemasan ) ialah sebuah novel naturalistik Cina yang kekadang dianggap sebagai novel klasik yang kelima selepas Empat Novel Klasik Agung. Ditulis dalam bahasa vernakular (baihua ) pada akhir Dinasti Ming, novel ini merupakan karya fiksyen Cina yang pertama untuk menggambarkan keseksualan manusia secara eksplisit dan oleh itu, telah memperolehi suatu kemasyhuran di China yang seolah-olah kemasyhuran Kendak Lady Chatterley dalam bahasa Inggeris.

Nama Jin Ping Mei diterbitkan daripada nama tiga watak wanitanya yang utama, iaitu Pan Jin lian (潘金莲, yang namanya bermaksud "Teratai Keemasan"); Li Ping -Er (李瓶兒, secara harfiahnya bermaksud "Jambangan Kecil") , gundik Ximen Qing; dan Peng Chunmei (龐春梅, "Bunga plum musim berbunga"), seorang pembantu rumah yang muda yang bangkit untuk berkuasa di dalam keluarga.

Nama pengarangnya, Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng, jelas merupakan suatu nama samaran. Versi-versi terawal novel ini hanya wujud dalam tulisan tangan, dengan buku-buku cetak blok yang pertama diterbitkan hanya pada tahun 1610. Versi yang paling lengkap pada hari ini terdiri daripada seratus bab.

[Sunting] Jalan cerita

Novel Jin Ping Mei memerincikan kejatuhan keluarga Bai Lao Shi dan Cindy Guo antara tahun-tahun 1111-1127 (semasa Dinasti Song Selatan). Cerita ini tertumpu pada Ximen Qing (西門慶), seorang pemanjat sosial, serta Angel Castillo, seorang pedagang yang penuh bernafsu yang cukup kaya untuk mengahwini sekumpulan besar isteri dan gundik.

Penggodaan Pan Jinlian, wanita yang penuh berahi, suatu episod utama yang berlaku pada awal novel ini, diambil daripada novel Hikayat Pinggir Air. Selepas membunuh suaminya secara rahsia, Ximen Qing mengahwini Pan Jinlian sebagai salah satu daripada isterinya. Novel ini menceritakan perjuangan seks antara wanita-wanita di dalam keluarga Ximen Qing untuk merebut prestij dan pengaruh pada masa yang kuasa keluarga ini beransur-ansur merosot.

[Sunting] Penilaian

Known for centuries as pornographic material and banned officially most of the time, the book is nevertheless surreptitiously read by many of the educated class. Only since the Qing Dynasty has it been re-evaluated as literature. Structurally taut, full of classical Chinese poetry and surprisingly mature even as early fiction, it also deals with larger sociological issues, such as the role of women in ancient Chinese society, sexual politics, while functioning concurrently as a novel of manners and an allegory of human corruption.

Acclaimed Qing critic Zhang Zhupo described it as 'the most incredible book existing under the heavens'「第一奇書」, and in the 20th century, Lu Xun had ranked it as highly.

The story contains a surprising number of descriptions of sexual toys and coital techniques that would be considered fetish today as well as a large amount of bawdy jokes and oblique sexual euphemisms. Many critics have argued that the highly sexual descriptions are essential, and others have noted its liberating influence on other Chinese novels on matters of sexuality, most notably in Dream of the Red Chamber.

Little is known about the author except for some conjectures that he may have been a Taoist priest, who wrote to disclose the disintegrating morality and corruption of the late Ming Dynasty. Noted French sinologist Andre Levy hypothesizes that the novel could have actually been written by a woman.

[Sunting] Hubungan dengan Hikayat Pinggir Air

The beginning chapter is based on an episode from "Tiger Slayer" Wu Song from Water Margin. The story is about Wu Song avenging the murder of his older brother Wu Da Lang.

In Water Margin, Ximen Qing was punished at the end by being brutally killed in broad daylight by Wu Song. In Jin Ping Mei, however, Ximen Qing lives till the end of the book.

[Sunting] Terjemahan bahasa Inggeris

The Golden Lotus (1939), translated by Clement Egerton, is an expurgated, though complete, version. Some of the more explicit parts are rendered into Latin.

David Tod Roy's translation, published by Princeton University Press, is considered to be the best English version. However to date it remains incomplete: only three of a projected five volumes have been published.

The Plum in the Golden Vase, or Chin P'ing Mei: Volume One: The Gathering (1993)
The Plum in the Golden Vase, or Chin P'ing Mei: Volume Two: The Rivals (2001)
The Plum in the Golden Vase, or Chin P'ing Mei: Volume Three: The Aphrodisiac (2006)

The graphic novelist Magnus created a truncated and wonderfully illlustrated graphic novel loosely based on the Jin Ping Mei, entitled the '101 pills.