Juan Manuel Ortiz de Rozas
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Melayu
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Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas y López de Osornio (dilahirkan Juan Manuel Ortiz de Rozas, 1793-1877) atau lebih dikenali sebagai Rosas, merupakan seorang tokoh Argentina berfahaman konservatif yang memerintah Argentina antara 1829 dan 1852. Rosas boleh dianggap sebagai caudillo pertama yang terkenal di Amerika Latin.
Rosas memulakan kerjayanya sebagai peladang ternak lembu yang paling berpengaruh di kawasan pampas. Malah beliau mengawal kesemua pampas di Argentina dan menjadi tuan besar di ibu negara Argentina, iaitu Buenos Aires. Disamping itu, pada 1820 beliau terlibat dalam penyingkiran tentera British dengan bantuan puak gauco.
Sebagai seorang caudillo sejati, dia memulakan kerjaya politiknya pada 1820 apabila dia menjadi ketua sepasukan gauco untuk pihak konservatif dan persekutuan. Selepas pembuangan dan pembunuhan Manuel Dorrego (1828), dia menjadi ketua persekutuan. Kebangkitannya untuk berkuasa melambangkan kebangkitan estancieros yang merupakan oligarki tanah yang baru yang berdasarkan penternakan komersil. Bersama-sama dengan Estanislao López, dia menewaskan Juan Lavalle, dan menjadi gabenor Buenos Aires (1829) dengan kuasa diktator. Dibantu oleh López dan Juan Facundo Quiroga, dia melancarkan kempen yang banyak menumpahkan darah terhadap unitarian, dan memusnahkan gerakan mereka, sekurang-sekurangnya buat sementara. Dia menyerahkan jawatannya pada 1832, dan melancarkan sebuah ekspedisi yang berjaya terhadap orang-orang asli. Pada 1835, Rosas menjadi gabenor semula; melalui komplot dan persediaan dengan beberapa ketua provinsi, dia menjadi diktator unuk kebanyakan bahagian Argentina. Secara praktik, politik Rosas adalah anti fahaman persekutuan walaupun kesetiaan rasminya. He came to represent the hegemony of Buenos Aires. His government became a ruthless tyranny. Assisted by spies, propagandists, and the Mazorca (a secret political society that degenerated into a band of assassins), he instituted a regime of terror. Though he was adulated in public, successive and continuous revolutions were organized against his rule. Secret revolutionary groups—notably the Asociación de Mayo, founded by Esteban Echeverría —were formed. Ironically, by driving into exile many of the fine minds in Argentina—Juan Bautista Alberdi , Bartolomé Mitre , and especially Domingo F. Sarmiento —he contributed unwittingly to the creation of several classics of South American literature and social analysis. Rosas became involved in a dispute with the United States and Britain over the Falkland Islands. His ambition led him to interfere in Uruguay, where he supported Manuel Oribe . His suspected designs to reduce Paraguay and Uruguay to dependent Argentine states led to two blockades by France and Great Britain (1838-40, 1845-50), greatly hurting Argentine commerce.
In 1829, Rosas became governor of Buenos Aires. In subsequent years, Rosas went in and out of power over this period but remained a strong leader. During his years out of office (1832-1835) Rosas fought to gain territory from the indigenous population in southern Argentina.
As a conservative leader, Rosas portrayed himself as a man of the people who could relate to the working class of gauchos and African Americans. Rosas used his man of the people ideal to unify Argentina during his era. Rosas supporters called themselves Rosistas. Rosas rule was filled with violence -- he killed his opponents and anyone who would not support him. Rosas attempted to reincorporate Uruguay and Paraguay as Argentinean provinces and this lead to two European blockades of Buenos Aires. During Rosas ruling the Falkland Islands were invaded by England. Rosas wanted to rid Argentina of European influence and cultivate a feeling of nationalism among Argentinians.
Rosas opponents during his rule were liberals such as Juan Bautista Alberdi, Bartolomé Mitre, and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Rosas liberal opponents were exiled to other countries such as Uruguay and Chile.
Pada 1852, Rosas dibuangkuasa oleh Justo José de Urquiza di bawah sokongan Uruguay dan Brazil; tenteranya ditewaskan di Monte Caseros. Rosas mengakihiri hayatnya di England sebagai seorang petani di Southampton.
