Natal Native Contingent
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The Natal Native Contingent was a large force of black auxiliary soldiers in British South Africa, forming a large portion of the defence forces of the British colony of Natal, and saw action during the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. The NNC was created in 1878 out of the local black population in order to bolster the defences of Natal. Most NNC troops were drawn from the Basuto and Mponso tribes, which had had long experience of fighting against the Zulus. Most NNC troops were eager to defeat the aggressive Zulu Empire, following the political and social upheaval created by King Shaka's mfecane earlier in the century.
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[edit] Organisation
The structure of the NNC followed the pattern of regular British infantry units at the time. Each regiment of the NNC consisted of two to three battalions, divided into ten companies of 100 black soldiers each, with nine white NCO's and one white officer per company. Units received standard British infantry training.
[edit] Equipment
Due to budget constraints in South Africa, the British were unable to provide NNC troops with uniforms. Instead, soldiers wore their traditional tribal apparel with a red cloth bandanna around their foreheads, the only item to distinguish them from Zulu warriors.
The white population of Natal had long feared that arming the black population, even black tribes allied to the British, would constitute a severe security risk, and as a result NNC soldiers were not issued with enough firearms to constitute an effective force. Only one in ten soldiers was issued with a gun, and the guns issued were generally obsolete muzzle-loading muskets rather than up-to-date firearms. In addition, those soldiers issued with a firearm were provided with only four rounds of ammunition at any one time. The bulk of the NNC fought with traditional African spears and shields.
[edit] Effectiveness
The NNC suffered from a wide range of defects which severely hampered the troops' fighting potential. Most of the white NCOs assigned to train NNC troops were drawn from the dregs of the British army; men considered too clumsy or aggressive to train white soldiers. The majority of NCOs assigned to NNC units harboured racial grudges against their black soldiers, and consequently NNC troops rarely trusted, or had confidence in, their white NCOs and officers.
At the beginning of the Anglo-Zulu War in January 1879, the NNC's commander, Colonel Anthony Durnford, frequently voiced his opinion that the NNC troops should be used as scouts for the advancing British army, as their similar appearance to Zulu warriors would confuse Zulu scouts, while the light infantry of the NNC were better-suited to fast reconnaissance missions than the slow British regulars, laden with equipment and suffering from heatstroke. Instead, the British commander of the invasion force, Lord Chelmsford, assigned NNC troops to menial labouring tasks, believing that their fighting ability was almost non-existent. As a consequence, troops from the NNC became increasingly exhausted while their confidence in their white officers evaporated.
Battlefield performance was perhaps as a consequence very uneven. At the Battle of Isandhlwana, units of the NNC fought hard alongside their white allies, and sustained heavy casualties. According to reports from white officers who escaped the battle verify that NNC units fought hard, and only began to run away towards the end of the battle, when white soldiers were also attempting to flee the battlefield[citation needed]. The fact that roughly four hundred black infantrymen escaped as opposed to fewer than a dozen white infantrymen could either be due to NNC troops running away earlier, or because African NNC infantrymen were not burdened with heavy equipment and knew escape routes away from the battlefield, unlike their slower, heavily-laden British counterparts who quickly got lost while fleeing the area and became very visible targets for pursuing Zulu warriors. However, at Rorke's Drift the entire NNC contingent broke and fled as soon as the Zulu force came into sight, and prior to any engagement.
After Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, British commanders in South Africa worried about the loyalty of their NNC detachments, and most were sent into Natal as static border-guards. The NNC last saw action at Hlobane. After the war, the NNC was disbanded and the troops returned to civilian life.
[edit] Natal Native Horse
While the bulk of the NNC consisted of infantrymen, the Natal Native Horse constitued the NNC's cavalry force. Formed of five squadrons of fifty men each, the NNH was largely recruited from the amaNgwane, a Natal tribe traditionally hostile to the Zulus. The black troopers of the NNH were much better-equipped than their infantry counterparts; NNH troopers were issued with tan-coloured European uniforms, a horse with full equipment, and each trooper was issued with a rifled carbine in addition to traditional African spears. Units of the NNH were led by white officers dressed in conspicuous sky-blue uniforms.
Three squadrons of the NNH were present at Isandlwana, forming the "Sikhali Horse", named after their chief. The troopers fought well against the Zulus, and late in the battle were dismissed by Colonel Durnford, who was eager to save as many of his men as possible from the chaotic battle. Due to their being mounted on horseback, NNH soldiers were able to escape quickly from the battlefield, and many black NNH troopers are credited with having stopped to give rides to both black and white soldiers struggling to escape the battlefield on foot, most notably Horace Smith-Dorrien, who was rescued and ridden to safety by an NNH trooper. Around 200 NNH troopers survived Isandlwana, but unlike the NNC infantry, were recommitted to the war; the remainder of the NNH saw action at the Battle of Kambula and at the Battle of Ulundi. After the war, the NNH was retained as a police force in conquered Zululand, and disbanded during the 1899-1902 Second Anglo-Boer War
