Northrop M2-F2
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M2-F2 | |
---|---|
Type | Lifting body |
Manufacturer | Northrop |
Maiden flight | 12 July 1966 |
Retired | 10 May 1967 |
Status | Rebuilt as M2-F3 |
Primary user | NASA |
Number built | 1 |
Developed from | NASA M2-F1 |
Variants | Northrop M2-F3 |
The Northrop M2-F2 was a heavyweight lifting body based on studies at NASA's Ames and Langley research centers. Built by the Northrop Corporation in 1966. The "M" refers to "manned" and "F" refers to "flight" version.
Contents |
[edit] Development
The success of Dryden's M2-F1 program led to NASA's development and construction of two heavyweight lifting bodies based on studies at NASA's Ames and Langley research centers -- the M2-F2 and the HL-10, both built by the Northrop Corporation. The "M" refers to "manned" and "F" refers to "flight" version. "HL" comes from "horizontal landing" and 10 is for the tenth lifting body model to be investigated by Langley. (See also NASA Ames Research Center).
The M2-F2 made its first captive flight (attached to the B-52 carrier aircraft throughout the flight) on March 23, 1966.
The first flight of the M2-F2 -- which looked much like the "M2-F1" -- was on July 12, 1966. Milton O. Thompson was the pilot.
By then, the same B-52 used to air launch the famed X-15 rocket research aircraft was modified to also carry the lifting bodies. Thompson was dropped from the B-52's wing pylon mount at an altitude of 45,000 feet (13,700 m) on that maiden glide flight. He reached a gliding speed of about 450 miles per hour (720 km/h).
[edit] Operational history
Before powered flights were undertaken, a series of glide flights were conducted. On May 10, 1967, the sixteenth and last glide flight ended in disaster as the vehicle slammed into the lakebed on landing. With test pilot Bruce Peterson at the controls, the M2-F2 suffered a pilot induced oscillation (PIO) as it neared the lakebed. The vehicle rolled from side to side in flight as he tried to bring it under control. Peterson recovered, but then observed a rescue helicopter that seemed to pose a collision threat. Distracted, Peterson drifted in a cross-wind to an unmarked area of the lakebed where it was very difficult to judge the height over the ground because of a lack of guidance the markers provided on the lakebed runway.
Peterson fired the landing rockets to provide additional lift, but he hit the lakebed before the landing gear was fully down and locked. The M2-F2 rolled over six times, coming to rest upside down. Pulled from the vehicle by Jay King and Joseph Huxman, Peterson was rushed to the base hospital, transferred to March Air Force Base and then the UCLA Hospital. He recovered but lost vision in his right eye due to a staphyloccocal infection.
Portions of M2-F2 footage including Peterson's spectacular crash landing were used for the 1973 TV movie The Six Million Dollar Man and subsequently during the opening credits of every episode of the television series.
Four pilots flew the M2-F2 on its 16 glide flights. They were Milton O. Thompson (5 flights), Bruce Peterson (3 flights), Don Sorlie (3 flights) and Jerry Gentry (5 flights).
NASA pilots and researchers realized the M2-F2 had lateral control problems, even though it had a stability augmentation control system. When the M2-F2 was rebuilt at Dryden and redesignated the M2-F3, it was modified with an additional third vertical fin -- centered between the tip fins to improve control characteristics.
The M2-F2/F3 was the first of the heavy-weight, entry-configuration lifting bodies. Its successful development as a research test vehicle answered many of the generic questions about these vehicles.
[edit] Aircraft serial number
- NASA M2-F2 - NASA 803, 16 unpowered flights
[edit] Specifications (M2-F2)
[edit] General characteristics
- Crew: one pilot
- Length: 22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)
- Wingspan: 9 ft 8 in (2.94 m)
- Height: 9 ft 6 in (2.89 m)
- Wing area: 160 ft² (14.9 m²)
- Empty: 4,620 lb (2,095 kg)
- Loaded: 6,000 lb (2,722 kg)
- Maximum takeoff:7,485 lb (3,395 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 x Reaction Motors Upgraded XLR-11 four-chamber rocket engine. 8,000 lbf (36 kN) thrust.
[edit] Performance
- Maximum speed: 466 mph (750 km/h) - Mach 0.707
- Range: 10 miles (16 km)
- Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (13,700 m)
- Rate of climb: ft/min ( m/min)
- Wing loading: 43.2 lb/ft² (196 kg/m²)
- Thrust-to-weight: 1.3
[edit] M2-F2 flights
Vehicle Flight # |
Date | Pilot | Mach | Velocity -km/h- |
Altitude - m - |
Duration | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M2-F2 #1 | July 12, 1966 | Thompson | 0.646 | 727 | 13,716 | 00:03:37 | First M2-F2 Flight. Unpowered glide. 320 km/h landing. |
M2-F2 #2 | July 19, 1966 | Thompson | 0.598 | 634 | 13,716 | 00:04:05 | Unpowered glide. Determination of lateral stability control, longitudinal trim, vehicle performance and landing characteristics. |
M2-F2 #3 | August 12, 1966 | Thompson | 0.619 | 692 | 13,716 | 00:04:38 | Unpowered glide. Determine effect of increasing mach number, minimum damper requirements, testing of longitudinal and lateral stability and control. |
M2-F2 #4 | August 24, 1966 | Thompson | 0.676 | 718 | 13,716 | 00:04:01 | Unpowered glide. Determine control damper requirements, lift-drag ratio, elevon response, flap effectiveness and longitudinal stability and control. |
M2-F2 #5 | September 2, 1966 | Thompson | 0.707 | 750 | 13,716 | 00:03:46 | Unpowered glide. Evaluate 360 degree overhead approach, determine control damper-off handling qualities. |
M2-F2 #6 | September 15, 1966 | Peterson | 0.705 | 750 | 13,716 | 00:03:30 | Unpowered glide. Pilot checkout. |
M2-F2 #7 | September 20, 1966 | Sorlie | 0.635 | 678 | 13,716 | 00:03:31 | Unpowered glide. Pilot checkout. |
M2-F2 #8 | September 22, 1966 | Peterson | 0.661 | 702 | 13,716 | 00:03:53 | Unpowered glide. Longitudinal and lateral stability and control with dampers. |
M2-F2 #9 | September 28, 1966 | Sorlie | 0.672 | 713 | 13,716 | 00:03:53 | Unpowered glide. Complete pilot checkout and extend flight envelope. |
M2-F2 #10 | October 5, 1966 | Sorlie | 0.615 | 692 | 13,716 | 00:03:45 | Unpowered glide. Explore lateral and longitudinal stability and control characteristics with dampers on and off. |
M2-F2 #11 | October 12, 1966 | Gentry | 0.662 | 702 | 13,716 | 00:03:54 | Unpowered glide. Pilot checkout. |
M2-F2 #12 | October 26, 1966 | Gentry | 0.605 | 642 | 13,716 | 00:03:47 | Unpowered glide. Obtain stability and control data at 7 and 11 degree attack angles and upper flap effectiveness. |
M2-F2 #13 | November 14, 1966 | Gentry | 0.681 | 716 | 13,716 | 00:04:21 | Unpowered glide. Test stability and control, determine vehicle performance characteristics. |
M2-F2 #14 | November 21, 1966 | Gentry | 0.695 | 735 | 13,716 | 00:03:50 | Unpowered glide. Test stability and control, determine vehicle performance characteristics. |
M2-F2 #15 | May 2, 1967 | Gentry | 0.623 | 661 | 13,716 | 00:03:51 | Unpowered glide |
M2-F2 #16 | May 10, 1967 | Peterson | 0.612 | 649 | 13,716 | 00:03:43 | Unpowered glide Crash landing |
[edit] External links
- NASA Dryden M2-F2 Photo Collection
- Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. NASA History Series SP-4220 1997 PDF
[edit] Related content
Related development:
Comparable aircraft: X-24 - M2-F1 - M2-F3 - HL-10
Designation sequence: M2-F1 - M2-F2 - M2-F3
Fighters: FT · XP-56 · P-61 · F2T · XP-79 · F-89 · F-5 · CF-5/CF-116 · YF-17 · F-18L · F-20 · YF-23
Attack: YA-13 · XA-16 · A-17 · BT · SBT · YA-9 - Bombers: YB-35 · B2T · YB-49 · B-62 · B-2
Transports: Alpha · C-19 · Beta · C-100 Gamma · RT Delta · YC-125
Reconnaissance: F-15 · RF-5 · TR-3 - Trainers: T-38
Experimental: N-1M · N-9M · MX-324 · X-4 · M2-F2 · M2-F3 · HL-10 · Tacit Blue · X-21
X-1 · X-2 · X-3 · X-4 · X-5 · X-6 · X-7 · X-8 · X-9 · X-10 · X-11 · X-12 · X-13 · X-14 · X-15 · X-16 · X-17 · X-18 · X-19 · X-20 · X-21 · X-22 · X-23 · X-24 · X-25 · X-26 · X-27 · X-28 · X-29 · X-30 · X-31 · X-32 · X-33 · X-34 · X-35 · X-36 · X-37 · X-38 · X-39 · X-40 · X-41 · X-42 · X-43 · X-44 · X-45 · X-46 · X-47 · X-48 · X-49 · X-50 · X-51 · X-53
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