9000 fvt.: "earliest evidence of food production ... from ... Shanidar in Northern Iraq. By ... radio carbon dating archaeologists have been able to determine its date as approximately 9000 B.C." (Odhiambo 1977:9)
75: "Pliny, the Roman geographer in his book Natural History of A.D. 75 mentions East Africa" (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (Amidu 2005|2|s. 3)
570: "Muhammed bin Abu Talib was born in the city of Mecca in Arabia in 570 A.D" Profeten Muhammed (Amidu l3:s1)
622: "622 A.D., those against his new message sought to destroy him and he was force to flee to near by Medina. This event is known as the Al-Hejira, and it marks the beginning of the Muslim calender" Profeten Muhammed (Amidu l3:s1).
631: "returned to the city of Mecca in 631" Profeten Muhammed med sin hær (Amidu l3:s1).
632: "He passed away" Profeten Muhammed (Amidu l3:s1).
640: "Byzantine Egypt fell to 'Amir ibn al-'As in 640 A.D." (Amidu l3:s2).
641: "The Byzantine fortress of Babylon at the head of the Nile followed in 641 A.D." Teken av muslimar (Amidu l3:s2).
642: "Alexandria succumbed in 642 A.D." Teken av muslimar (Amidu 2004l 3:s2).
656: "Uthman ... was murdered in 656 A.D." (Amidu 2004 l3:s4).
657: "Mu'awiya invited Ali bin Abu Talib for a settlement of their differences in 657 A.D." (Amidu 2004 l3:s4).
661: "His son Husein raised an army in A.D. 661 to challenge Mu'awiya, but at the battle of Kerbala, he was slain." son av Ali bin Abu Talib (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
750: "750 A.D., another struggle for the caliphate broke out. The Ummayyad house collapsed and power passed to the Abbasid dynasty" (Amidu 2005|3|s. 4)
935: "By 935, Egypt was lost and the Fatimids came to power in Egypt" (Amidu 2005|3|s. 4)
1331: "Ibn Batutta, another historian came there in 1331 and he described the Mombasans as religious and respectable people." (Amidu 2004, l4:s6)
1497: "Vasco da Gama had sailed from Europe and arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1497", "The following year he sailed round the cape and up the East African coast as far as Sofala and landed there" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 1)
1498: "came to Mombasa on 7th April 1498" Vasco da Gama (Amidu 2005, l5:s1)
1502: "Vasco Dama, looking for tribute from Kilwa, attacked it from the sea in 1502", "Portuguese went in for Zeila where the attack was also led by Vasco da Gama himself in 1502" (Amidu 2005, l5:s2)
1505: "Almeida attacked Zeila again in 1505 A.D.", "Next, the Portuguese went for Sofala in 1505, followed by Kilwa, Zanzibar, Brava or Barawa, and Mombasa, all in 1505 A.D." (Amidu 2005, l5:s2), "Kilwa ... Admiral d'Almeida ... 24th of July ... started to plunder the town" (Mazrui 1994:24)
1507: Portugisarane "decided to make Mozambique their headquarters for East Africa in 1507 A.D" (Amidu 2005, l5:s3)
1528/1529: "In 1528, (1529 in Sacleux 1939: 632), Mombasa erupted into rebellion and was burnt to the ground by the Portuguese led by Nuno de Cunha." (Amidu 2005, l5:s3), "Mombasa was burnt down in 1528" (Amidu 1990:71)
1586: "In 1586 there was another revolt against the Portuguese and they again razed the city to the ground" (Amidu 2005, l5:s3), "Mombasa was burnt down in 1528,1586 and 1589" (Amidu 1990:71)
1587: "Zimba ... A Zulu warrior group, allegedly man-eaters, they had conquered Kilwa in 1587 killing about 3000 people, and destroying the town" (Amidu 2005, l5:s3)
1589: "Mombasa was burnt down in 1528,1586 and 1589" (Amidu 1990:71), "Zimba ... were outside Mombasa by 1589" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 3)
1592: "Portuguese ... build forts ... chose Mombasa ... Fort Jesus. Work began in 1592." (Amidu 2005, l5:s4)
1593: "1593, the Portuguese made the Malindi sultan or king, Sheikh Ahmad, ruler of Mombasa in recognition of his loyalty to them as an ally." (Amidu 2005, l5:s4)
1598: "Portuguese ... build forts ... chose Mombasa ... Fort Jesus. Work began in 1592. It was completed in 1598" (Amidu 2005, l5:s4)
1622: "In 1622, sensing that the Portuguese were weak, the Arabs of Oman expelled them from Hormuz" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1630/1631: "Yusuf bin Hasan bin Ahmad ... In 1630, (1631, according to Odhiambo, et al.), he infiltrated the fort with a group of men while the Governor and his family were attending mass conducted by the Augustines. He attacked and murdered the Governor, his wife, his daughter and the Augustin priest. Then he went to the Convent of the Augustines and murdered all the Portuguese who had taken refuge there and burnt down the Convent. He then took Fort Jesus" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1632: "A fleet was sent from Goa under the command of Capt. Major Francisco de Seixa e Cabreira to retake the fort in 1632 and punish the rebels" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1637: "Yusuf escaped and took to a life of piracy, dying in Jeddah in 1637." Yusuf bin Hasan bin Ahmad (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1652: "The oldest surviving manuscript has been dated to 1652 and is called the Hamziya, according to Knappert (1979). It is a religious work." (Amidu NJAS 1995:115-116)
1659: "the first Bantu grammar book was written by the Capuchin priest Giacinto Brusciotto in Latin in 1659" (Amidu 2005, l5:s7)
1698: "Imam Seif bin Sultan of Oman took Fort Jesus from the Portuguese after a seige of nearly three years" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1699: "In 1698 the Imam Seif bin Sultan of Oman ... next year he took Kilwa and Pemba" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
1723: "1723, the people of Pate sent urgent entreaties to the Portuguese to come to their aid against Mombasa and other islands that were about to attack them. The Portuguese obliged, and helped Pate to resist Mombasa domination" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 6)
1728: "the Portuguese took back Fort Jesus from the Arab-Waswahili forces" (Amidu 2005, l5:s6)
1729: "In 1728, the Portuguese took back Fort Jesus from the Arab-Waswahili forces ... driven out the following year, 1729, by the Omani forces" (Amidu 2005, l5:s6)
1741: "in 1741, Muhammad bin Uthman al-Mazrui was appointed as the substantive Governor of the city and its surrounding areas. Shortly after the appointment, in the same year 1741, in a palace coup, the Yarubi House was overthrown and removed from power in Oman by the Busaidi House. The Mazrui who owed their allegiance to the Yarubi reacted by declaring their independence from Oman" (Amidu 2005, l5:s2)
1776: "the Sultan of Kilwa agreed to sell 1000 slaves every year to the French and to no one else." (Amidu 2005, l6:s4)
"The Pate people, however, revolted in 1776 but this was quickly crushed" (from Mazrui rule) (Amidu 2005|6|s. 2)
1785: "1785, a Busaidi Seif bin Ahmed claimed that he had the right to be ruler of the coast, and so, the Sultan of Oman sent troops to handle the matter ... the Mazrui wisely decided to accept the overlordship of the Sultan of Oman and in return were allowed to continue to rule the East Coast." (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
1798: "the British persuaded the Sultan of Oman to sign a treaty of friendship and cooperation with them in 1798." (Amidu 2005, l6:s4)
1806: "15 years old, came to power as the new Sultan. His name was Seyyid Said bin Sultan bin al-Imam Ahmed."
1810: "the British captured Mauritius from the French. They also captured the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch" (Amidu 2005, l6:s5)
1812: "the battle of Shela in 1812, when they were defeated by a combined Lamu-Pate force" they = Mazrui herskarane i Aust-Afrika. (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
1819: "One of the earliest nineteenth century European visitors to the east coast of Africa was James Prior, who published an account of his voyages, Voyage of the Nisus Frigate, in 1819" (Mazrui 1994:25), "Seyyid Said had also taken advantage of the treaty of 1798 to attack Mombasa in 1819 and had tried to capture Fort Jesus but was repulsed" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 5-6)
1822: "they had lost control of Pate and Pemba to the new Imam of Oman, Seyyid Said" Mazrui (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
"1822 Morcsb Treaty and the 1845 Hamerton Treaty Sej.yid Said had reluctantly agreed to severe restrictions on the extent of the slave trade, in return for Britain'> recognition of his position in East Africa and encouragement of what they rcfcrrcd to as 'lcgitimatc. trade." (Odhiambo 1977:105), "British Capt. Moresby persuaded Seyyid Said to sign a treaty, in his own interest" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 5)
1823: "Bristish warship led by Capt. Owen was passing by. The Mombasa people invited the British for help and asked them to take Mombasa and Fort Jesus. Capt. Owen obliged and sent a message to His Majesty's government of 1824-1826 about the wonderful news, but the government refused the offer, and Capt. Owen withdrew" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 6)
1828: "1828 an Omani force landed at Mombasa, occupied the town and allowed the Mazrui to retain Fort Jesus provided they acknowledged Seyyid Said." (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
"Seyyid Said'e decision in 1828 to take personal charge of his East African domains" (Whiteley 1969:46)
1833: "Zanzibar ... In 1833 the Sultan had signed a commercial agreement with the United States" (Odhiambo 1977:105, avskrive)
1837: "1837 the Mazrui were expelled from Mombasa, their leaders arrested and deported" (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
"Zanzibar ... Consulates ... Americans were first, in 1837" (Odhiambo 1977:91), "Zanzibar ... the first American consul arrived in 1837" (Whiteley 1967:45), "Seyyid Said signed trade treaties with ... U.S.A 1837" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8)
1839: "Zanzibar ... the Sultan had signed a commercial agreement with the United States ... followed by one with Britain in 1839" (Odhiambo 1977:105, avskrive)
1840: "Zanzibar ... establislimcnt of a British Consulate in 1840" (Odhiambo 1977:105)
"Seyyed Said decided in 1840 to move the administrative headquarters of his kingdom to ... Zanzibar ... was selected as the seat of Seyyid Said's government and seat of administration for East Africa and Oman" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 7)
1841: "A British Consul was established on Zanzibar in 1841" (Whiteley 1969:45-46), "Seyyid Said signed trade treaties with ... Britain 1841" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8)
1843: "The first Arab caravan reached the Court of the Kabaka of Buganda, Sune, in 1843" (Whiteley 1969:46)
1844: "Zanzibar ... A formal treaty between Beyyid Said and the French was not drawn up until 1844, when the first French Consul took up residence" (Whiteley 1969:45), "Seyyid Said signed trade treaties with ... France 1844" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8)
1845: "Major Hamerton, special British Consular representative at Zanzibar got Seyyid Said to sign yet another treaty to stop the sale of slaves to Oman from East Africa." (Amidu 2005, l6:s7), "1822 Morcsb Treaty and the 1845 Hamerton Treaty Sej.yid Said had reluctantly agreed to severe restrictions on the extent of the slave trade, in return for Britain'> recognition of his position in East Africa and encouragement of what they rcfcrrcd to as 'lcgitimatc. trade." (Odhiambo 1977:105)
1850: "The grammar book was sent to England and was published in 1850 in Tübingen in Germany ... The title of the book is, Outline of the Elements of the Kisuaheli Language with special reference to the Kinika Dialect. Krapf also wrote another book entitled, Vocabulary of Six East African Languages, also published in 1850 at Tübingen" Rev. Dr J. L. Krapf (Amidu 2005, l7:s6)
1856: "Seyyid Said passed away in 1856 in an accident at sea" (Amidu 2005, l6:s8)
"1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile." (Odhiambo 1977:104)
1857: "Major Hamerton died the following year in 1857" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8)
1863: "The French Holy Ghost Fathers arrived in Zanzibar in 1863, and set up a miasion on the mainland opposite at Bagamoyo in 1868" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1864: "The U.M.C.A. atablished a Mission on Zanzibar in 1864" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1868: "The French Holy Ghost Fathers arrived in Zanzibar in 1863, and set up a miasion on the mainland opposite at Bagamoyo in 1868" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1870: "Seyyid Majid died and Barghash was allowed to return and rule Zanzibar" (Amidu 2005, l6:s9)
1870: "Edward Steere, Bishop of Zanzibar ... published in 1870 with the title: A Handbook of Kiswahili as spoken at Zanzibar." (Amidu 2005, l7:s10), "Edward Steere produced in 1870 the first edition of the Handbook of the Swahili Lungwe" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1873: "Barghash was forced by the British to abolish slave trade throughout his areas of control" (Amidu 2005, l6:s9)
1875: "The U.M.C.A. atablished a Mission ... in the foothills of the Usambaras not far from Tanga, in 1875" (Whiteley 1969:53)
"1875-76, the Khedive Ismail of Egypt ... sent his soldiers to hold Brava and Kismayu ... he hoped to use the river Tana as a way to Lake Victoria and the southern Sudan" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 9)
1876: "The C.M.S. started at Mpwapwa in 1876" (Whiteley 1969:53)
"The U.M.C.A. atablished a Mission ... at Masasi, in the south in 1876" (Whiteley 1969:53)
"Belgians who formed an association in 1876, the International African Association" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 2)
1877: "started ... London Missionary Society at Ujiji in 1877" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1878: "started ... White Fathers at Tabora in 1878" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1879: "swahili ... The first French grammar appeared in 1879" (Whiteley 1969:55)
1881: "The U.M.C.A. atablished a Mission ... on Lake Nyasa, in 1881" (Whiteley 1969:53)
1882: "Krapf wrote the first Kiswahili dictionary of the world ... published in 1882 in England" (Amidu 2005, l7:s7)
1884: "In 1 X84 Mutesa had died dnd been succeeded by his son Mwanga"
"November 1884, the German Dr. Karl Peters and two others came to East Africa ... According to Odhiambo et al. (1977: 113), "he was able to cross over to the mainland and obtain treaties from chiefs in the Usagara, Uzigua, Nguru, and Ukami areas" ... the African Chiefs allegedly agreed to place themselves under the protection of Germany ... Peters took the treaties home and warships were dispatched to Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam and surrounding areas were declared to be a German protectorate" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 2)
1886: "Britain and Germany signed a treaty in 1886 with the Sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Barghash, to divide his possessions on the mainland between them" (Amidu 2005, l7:s2)
1887: "The Sultan made an agreement with the British company in 1887" (I.B.E.A.) (Amidu 2005|7|s. 4)
1888: I.B.E.A. "a royal charter was given to the company" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 4)
1889: I.B.E.A. "1889 the company started work and sent a group under the charge of Mr. F. J. Jackson to Lake Victoria" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 4)
1890: "British authorities after a protectorate had been declared over Zanzibar in 1890" (Amidu 2005, l6:s9)
"second Angle-German Agreement of 1890, sometinles referred to as the Heligoland Treaty ... Following the signing of the 1890 Agreement the I.B.E.A. Company sent Capt. Lugard to establish British control in Uganda. He arrived at Mengo on Deceniber 18th, 1890" (Odhiambo 1977:115)
"Barghash ... According to Odhiambo et al. (1977: 112), even the Sultan's ten mile strip fell victim to European interests ... "Northern part leased to Britain, 1895. Southern part sold to Germany 1890."" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 3)
1891: "Kisimayu, Brava and Merka, which were part of British Somaliland from 1891, were all handed over by the British to Italian Somaliland in 1925." (Amidu 2005. l7:s4)
1894: "in 1894 the British Parliament formally approved the declaration of a Protectorate over Buganda" (Odhiambo 1977:116)
"In 1894 the first clash took place, resulting in the defeat of the Nandi" British East Africa (Odhiambo 1977:118, avskrive)
1895: "Barghash ... According to Odhiambo et al. (1977: 112), even the Sultan's ten mile strip fell victim to European interests ... "Northern part leased to Britain, 1895. Southern part sold to Germany 1890."" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 3)
1896: "In 1896 the Protectorate was formally extended to include Bunyoro and the country to the East of Buganda" (Odhiambo 1977:116)
1897: "Slavery itself remained legal until 1897" Zanzibar (Amidu 2005, l6:s9), (Odhiambo 1977:107)
"two new threats emerged. Mwanga revolted with some of his chiefs and, after being driven out of Buddu, fled north to join Kabalega. In Eldama Ravine a contingent of Sudanese troops. mutinied and marched to Uganda where they were joined by others" (Odhiambo 1977:116)
1909: "Charles Sacleux ... Catholic missionary ... 1909, he published his grammar book, with the title: Grammaire des dialectes Swahilis." (Amidu 2005, l7:s11)
1925: "Kisimayu, Brava and Merka, which were part of British Somaliland from 1891, were all handed over by the British to Italian Somaliland in 1925." (Amidu 2005, l7:s4)
"first conference to discuss modalities for establishing a Standard Kiswahili language took place in 1925 in Dar es Salaam" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 9)
1928: "Whiteley (1969: 81) writes, "In June 1928 an inter-territorial Conference was held in Mombasa, attended by the distinguished linguist Prof. Meinhof, at which the decision was confirmed to adopt the dialect of Zanzibar, sponsored by the Universities Mission to Central Africa, in preference to that of Mombasa, advocated by the Church Missionary Society" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 10)
1930: "the Inter-Territorial Language Committee came into being on 1 Jannsry 1930" (Whiteley 1969:82)), "the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee was set, in 1930" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 9)
1937: "Sir Frederick Johnson, Secretary of the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee of the East African Dependencies ... died in 1937" (Amidu 1005|7|s. 12)
1939: "Charles Sacleux ... Catholic missionary ... 1939, he published his dictionary with the title: Dictionnaire Swahili—Français." (Amidu 2005, l7:s11)
"Madan ... Swahili—English dictionary in 1903 based on the Zanzibar dialect ... revised and expanded ... Sir Frederick Johnson, Secretary of the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee of the East African Dependencies and published in (1939)" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 10)
1941: "Charles Sacleux ... Catholic missionary ... In 1891, he produced the first Dictionnaire Français—Swahili in Zanzibar. It was not published until 1941 in Paris." (Amidu 2005, l7:s11)
1948: "On 1 January 1948 the East African High Commission came into being, taking over the functions of the East African Governore" (Whiteley 1969:88)
1957: formed "Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Sh. Abeid Karume was its leader" & "Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP) led by Ali Muhsin." (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
1960: "A group broke away from the ASP in 1960 and formed the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party (ZPPP). Their leader was Sh. Mohammed Shamte." (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
1961: "Tanganyika gained independence in 1961" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 4)
1963: "Zanzibar gained independence in December 1963" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 10)
1964: "Janurary 12, 1964. The insurrection was led by a Lango Ugandan called John Okello. It violently overthrew what was left of the Arab sultanate in East Africa" Zanzibar (Amidu 2005, l6:s10), "On January 11,1964, what came to be known as the Zanzibar revolution was launched" (Mazrui 1994:134)
1967: "Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa —BAKITA for short, known in English as 'The National Kiswahili Council', was created to supervise the nationalization of Kiswahili at all levels of the national life" (Amidu 2005|8|s. 3)
1971: "Amin captured power in January 1971" (Mazrui 1995:5)
1974: "In July, 1974 Kiswahili was made the national language of Kenya" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:62), "1974, President Kenyatta made it the national language and the obligatory language of Parliament" (Amidu 2005|8|s. 5)
1986: "victory of Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) against the government of Milton Obote in 1986" (Mazrui 1995:20)
1993: "the one-day civil strike that took place in Mombasa, Kenya's second largest city, on May 24,1993. This action virtually paralyzed the entire city ... organized, rather, by a relatively small and unregistered group under the name of the Islamic Party of Kenya (IPK)" (Mazrui 1994:151)
2002: "2002, the nearly 40 years rule of KANU came to an end when the opposition party NARC, led by Mwai Kibaki, won the presidential and parliamentary elections in Kenya" (l15:3)
