Oresund
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oresund (Danish: Øresund, Swedish: Öresund, also known as The Sound) is the strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Sjælland) from the south Swedish province Scania (Skåne).
Oresund is one of the three Danish Straits that connect the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean (via Kattegat, Skagerrak, and the North Sea), and is one of the busiest waterways in the world.
The Oresund Bridge was inaugurated on July 1, 2000 by King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. Between Helsingborg and Helsingør (Elsinore) in the North of Oresund there are still ferries departing around the clock.
Contents |
[edit] History
Political control of Oresund has been an important issue in Danish (and Swedish) history. Denmark maintained military control with the coastal fortress of Kronborg at Elsinore (Danish: Helsingør) on the west side and (until 1658) Kärnan at Helsingborg on the east. Both fortresses are located where the strait is just 4 kilometers wide.
[edit] Sound Dues
In 1429 King Eric of Pomerania introduced the Sound Dues (Danish: Øresundstolden, Swedish: Öresundstullen.) Transitory dues on the use of waterways, roads, bridges and crossings were then an accepted way of taxing which could constitute a great part of a state's income.
All foreign ships passing through the strait, regardless if en route to or from Denmark or not, had to make a stop in Elsinore and pay a toll to the Danish Crown. If a ship refused to stop, cannons in both Elsinore and Helsingborg could open fire and sink it. In 1567, the toll was changed into a 1-2% tax of the cargo value, providing three times more revenue. In order to avoid ships simply taking a different route, tolls were also collected at the two other Danish straits, the Great Belt and the Little Belt.
The Sound Dues remained the most important source of income for the Danish Crown for several centuries, thus making Danish kings relatively independent of Denmark's Privy Council and aristocracy. After 1658, when the Danish lands on the Scandinavian peninsula were ceded to Sweden, the toll could not be enforced as well as before but Denmark retained its established right of the dues. Sweden had been exempted from the dues from the start, as she was then part of the Kalmar Union with Denmark, but this was ended after the Great Northern War of 1720, although the eastern shore was now Swedish.
The Copenhagen Convention of 1857 abolished the dues and made all the Danish Straits an International waterway free to all military and commercial shipping. It had been increasingly evident that the Sound Dues had a negative impact on the port and merchants of Copenhagen, although the dues delivered by then one eighth of the Danish state income. In compensation for the abolition, the Danish state received a one-time fee of 33.5 million Danish rix-dollars. [1]
[edit] Notable islands
- Amager
- Saltholm
- Hven
- Peberholm - an artificial island
- Middelgrundsfortet - an artificial island
- Flakfortet - an artificial island
[edit] See also
- Øresund station on the Copenhagen Metro
[edit] References
- Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, "The Sound Dues and Access to the Baltic Sea" in Renate Platzoder and Philomene Verlaan (eds.), The Baltic Sea: New Developments in National Policies and International Co-Operation (1996), pp. 101-32.
[edit] External links
- Oresunddirekt - Official public information site for the inhabitants of the Oresundregion
