Paleo-Indians
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Paleo-Indians or Paleoamericans were the ancient peoples of Americas who were present at the end of the last Ice Age. The prefix "paleo" comes from the Greek palaios meaning ancient, and refers to the Upper Paleolithic time period. The best known of these peoples were part of the Clovis culture. However, evidence of several pre-Clovis Paleo-Indian cultures also exist.
Paleo-Indians are believed to be the first people to have inhabited a large number of areas in the Americas, though there is now some doubt as to whether they were the first inhabitants of the continent as a whole. The current prevailing theory postulates that Paleo-Indians entered the Americas from Asia via a land bridge (Beringia) connecting eastern Siberia with present-day Alaska when sea levels were significantly lower because of widespread glaciation between about 15,000 to 35,000 years ago. However, evidence suggestive of even earlier human occupation in South America at sites like Monte Verde in Chile (35,000 years), or in North America at site of Topper (50,000 years ago), have generated an alternative theory that Paleo-Indians, or at least some groups of them, may have come from the Pacific Islands or mainland Asia by watercraft.
Paleo-Indians are believed to have been nomadic hunter-gatherers whose following of animal migrations dictated where they camped. As the glaciers that covered much of North America receded in the warming climate following the most recent glacial maximum, tundra foliage was the main plant growth. Paleo-Indians living in the tundra hunted both large mammals like prehistoric bear, bison, and caribou, as well as smaller mammals like hare and arctic fox. Paleo-Indians also lived in the taiga, forested steppe, semi-arid temperate woodlands, and other ecozones. Paleo-Indians are known to have hunted with both fluted stone-pointed wooden lancing spears and shorter spears thrown using an atlatl; they probably also foraged for edible plants.
Paleo-Indians likely traveled in small groups of approximately 20 or 50 members of an extended family. Archaeological evidence of particular kinds of fluted stone have been uncovered, suggesting trade occurred between such groups.
Archaic stage Indians of the Americas are believed to be direct descendants of Paleo-Indians.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Smithsonian Institute: Paleoamerican Origins
- Paleoindian & Other Archaeological Stuff
- Possible pre-Clovis Site in Ohio
[edit] Further Reading
- Haynes, Gary (2002). The Early Settlement of North America: the Clovis Era. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52463-6.
