Park ranger

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A park ranger is a person charged with protecting and preserving protected parklands, forests (then called a forest ranger), wilderness areas, as well as other natural resources and protected cultural resources. Some countries use the term "park warden" to describe this occupation. The profession has often been over simply characterized as "protecting the people from the resource, and the resource from the people." The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers in the United States and elsewhere are often required to be proficient in more than one. For example, the mission of "protection and preservation" is also to be achieved by rangers who interpret the resources to the public in order to achieve public stewardship -- not only demanding compliance simply through law enforcement.

Contents 1 Overview 2 Duties, Disciplines, and Specializations 3 Vehicle and equipment 4 See also

[edit] Overview

There are 390 units in the US National Park System with over a dozen different designations, including such titles as national monument, national seashore, national park, national historic site, national preserve, national wilderness area, and national recreation area.[1]

Internationally, many countries have conservation agencies that undertake the protection and management of natural areas and protected cultural areas. The park rangers within these organizations are represented at this International level by the International Ranger Federation.

Park rangers perform a number of important functions in the protection of wild lands. In isolated areas many miles from inhabited regions, park rangers may be the only "official" presence—if not the only person around. Because they are the only persons around, park rangers must be very conscious of safety issues: they may respond very differently from other emergency responders who have assistance close by.

Park rangers perform a diverse number of other tasks: these tasks range from routine maintenance to life-saving emergency response and search & rescue.

Skills often required being a park ranger include a profound interest in ecology and the wilderness, the ability to react quickly and appropriately to emergency situations, and the ability to work independently and alone for long periods of time—sometimes for many days in a row.

[edit] Duties, Disciplines, and Specializations

There are various park ranger disciplines, and not every park ranger will perform all of them. An interpretation ranger—responsible for an array of visitor services, tours, informational exhibits, etc.—has different primary duties than a law enforcement ranger. Many rangers, however, must be relied upon to be competent in functions beyond their primary duties. For example, just a ranger with primary law enforcement duties may also provide interpretive programming, so may a ranger with primary interpretation duties be trained and serve as a wild land firefighter. Only certified, "commissioned", park rangers may perform law enforcement duties however, just as wild land firefighting is only authorized for properly trained and certified personnel. The field of interpretation is becoming increasingly professionalized as well, as colleges and universities in greater numbers are offering degrees in the discipline[2] and certification becomes more common.[3] Within the structure of a unit of the US National Park System, there are often various divisions—these sometimes include Law Enforcement, Resources Management, Interpretation, Maintenance, and Administration. Park rangers may be found in any of these divisions, but are most often associated with the first three.

• Security: Rangers check to see that gates are locked, that closed roads are not in use, that unauthorized persons keep out of closed or sensitive areas, and that authorized visitors follow park regulations. Many of these park regulations seek to protect sensitive areas from ecological damage while at the same time protecting the visiting public from possible hazards of the natural environment. Many people understand these functions as similar to the work performed by security guards, except that they are performed in remote areas. However, many park rangers have special training—including advanced degrees ranging from biology to archaeology to American History—that equip them to handle the specific security needs of their individual parks while being mindful of both resource-protection imperatives and visitor interests.
• Law enforcement: Some rangers have police powers and enforce laws in the park and surrounding area. Park rangers sometimes carry firearms—particularly in remote areas or when engaged in deterring illegal hunting or poaching. In some developing countries, the park rangers patrolling natural preserves may be heavily armed and function as paramilitary organizations against organized poachers or even guerillas. In units of the US National Park System, National Park Rangers who are certified as federal law enforcement officers are the primary police agency; their services may augmented by the US Park Police, particularly in the Washington, DC and San Francisco metropolitan areas. In many National Parks law enforcement rangers are increasingly being tasked with military style counter-drug operations in response to a rising rate of domestic drug production and marijuana cultivation.
• Interpretation and education: Park Rangers provide a wide range of informational services to visitors. Some Rangers provide practical information—such as driving directions, train timetables, weather forecasts, trip planning resources, and beyond. Other rangers provide more educational-type information to visitors known as interpretive programs: these include (but are not limited to) guided tours about the park's history or ecology, slideshows, and historical re-enactments. Rangers are expected to be experts in not only the geography of the areas they patrol, but also the animal and plant life natural and cultural resources.
• Emergency response: Rangers are often trained in wilderness first aid and participate in search and rescue to locate lost persons in the wilderness. Many National Parks require law enforcement sworn rangers to maintain certification as Emergency Medical Technicians or Paramedics.
• Firefighting: Rangers are often the first to spot forest fires and are often trained to engage in wild land firefighting and in some cases structural fire fighting. Rangers also enforce laws and regulations regarding campfires and other fires on park lands. In the face of a fire outside their control, rangers will call for help and evacuate persons from the area pending the arrival of additional firefighters.
• Maintenance: Some rangers perform routine maintenance on facilities or equipment—especially in preparing for winter closures and spring re-openings. Rangers are often the first to discover vandalism or weather-related damage to roads or facilities.

[edit] Vehicle and equipment

A typical ranger vehicle is a well-marked and heavily equipped off-road capable light truck ("pickup truck")--often equipped with the following items. The variety of equipment carried gives some idea of the many roles of the park ranger.

• a reliable radio or mobile telephone, often with a backup device for emergencies
• an electronic locator unit such as a GPS, in remote areas supplemented by an EPIRB for signaling for help
• detailed maps of the area protected and guidebooks about local flora and fauna
• a clipboard and paperwork used to document activities, including a daily patrol report, citation book, incident reports and maintenance reports
• informational handouts and maps to be given to visitors
• a collection of keys that open gates, locks and buildings scattered across the park or preserve
• personal survival equipment for an extended stay in the wilderness, including a backpack, tent and sleeping bag as well as fire-starting equipment
• a comprehensive first aid kit including supplies for response to trauma and vehicle accidents
• personal flashlight, folding pocket knife, multi-tool, handcuffs, chemical defense spray, defensive baton
• blankets, emergency food and water, and portable tarps or other shelters (for any persons rescued)
• hand tools including a shovel, axe, rake, Pulaski tool, crowbar, bolt cutter, and other miscellaneous tools
• a power winch for extricating stuck vehicles, with associated cables
• rope and life preserver for unassisted water rescue
• hand fire extinguishers, a backpack fire pump, a one inch (25 mm) diameter 50 foot (15 m) length of fire hose with a 50 to 150 US gallon (200 to 600 L) fire water tank and gasoline-powered reversible pump, fireproof turnout coat, and a self-rescue fire shelter
• firearms if appropriate to the area, often including a high-powered rifle with optical sights and a pump-action shotgun for close-range defense; park rangers engaged in police activities will often carry a pistol at all times in addition
• additional supplies of fuel and water as appropriate

These supplies are often augmented according to the geographic area and the local hazards. A park ranger in urban areas may carry less survival gear and more law enforcement equipment; a park ranger in the desert will carry much more drinkable water; a park ranger in the Alaskan outback will carry additional shelter materials and stove fuel. In more remote areas, pre-positioned caches containing survival equipment will be scattered throughout the park.

[edit] See also

• Ranger
• Police memorabilia collecting