Political pensioner
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A political pensioner enjoys a pension sui generis, awarded in chief of his political career or significance.
[edit] UK domestic politicians
By the British Political Offices Pension Act of 1869, pensions were instituted for those who had held political office. For the purposes of the act, political offices were divided into three classes: (1) those with a yearly salary of not less than 5000; (2) those with a salary of less than 5000 and not less than 2000; (3) those with a salary of less than 2000 and more than £1000.
For service in these offices there may be awarded pensions for life in the following scale: (I) a first class pension not exceeding 2000 a year, in respect of not less than four years service or its equivalent, in an office of the first class; (2) a second class pension not exceeding 1200, in respect of service of not less than six years or its equivalent, in an office of the second class; (3) a third class pension not exceeding 800 a year, in respect of service of not less than ten years in an office of the third class.
The service need not be continuous, and the act makes provision for counting service in lower classes as a qualification for pension in a higher class. These pensions are limited in number to twelve, but a holder must not receive any other pension out of the public revenue, if so, he must inform the treasury and surrender it if it exceeds his political pension, or if under he must deduct the amount. He may, however, hold office while a pensioner, but the pension is not payable during the time he holds office. To obtain a political pension, the applicant must file a declaration stating the grounds upon which he claims it and that his income from other sources is not sufficient to maintain his station in life.
[edit] Colonial
These were not awarded on grounds of justice, contract or socio-economic merits, but as a political decision, in order to take a politically significant person (often deemed a potential political danger) out of the picture by paying him or her off, regardless of seniority.
In British colonial history, the term applies to the following former ruling houses of princely states who saw their feudal territories annexed by the HEIC before it transferred power in British India to the Crown in 1858.
Although politically important members could be relocated or exiled, they retained throughout the Raj a hereditary right to their former princely rank and titles (in several cases including a gun salute) as well as a monetary "political pension" as a privy purse. Only a few years after India's 1947 independence, the nationalist government 'persuaded' most of them to reliquish the annual pension sum on so-called patriotic grounds. For those who continued to receive their payments, the sums were allowed to become a pittance through uncompensated inflation.
Muslim pensioners:
- the imperial Mughal family, Paramount ruler of India as Padshah-i-Hind, in or near Delhi
- the heirs of its failed Muslim fundamentalist challenger, Tippu Sultan's Mysore-based Khudadad empire
- Angre ?
- Prince of Arcot (formerly Nawab Subadar of the Realm of the Carnatic)
- Assam (not the whole present constitutive state)
- Awadh (Oudh)
- Kolaba ?
- Kurnool (Karnul)?
- the Nawab of Banganapalle, ?formerlyMasulipatam
- the Nawab of Murshidabad (in fact the dynasty of the former Nawab Nazim of greater Bengal; in West Bengal)
- Nawab of Surat
Four Hindu thrones, the first three held by the Bhonsle family:
- Mahararaja (?) of Nagpur
- Raja of Satara, had even earlier de facto lost power to his chief minister, the Peshwa, who had become the hegemon of the Mahratta confederation
- Raja of Tanjore
- Raja of Coorg
Only one Sikh pensioner: Punjab's last ruling Maharajah, Duleep Singh.
Similar 'golden cage' arrangements were often made later by other (not only British) governments. An extreme case was French Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, for whom the Italian island of Elba was turned into an operetta empire.
[edit] Sources and references
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- RoyalArk- India
