Prosopography

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In historical studies, Prosopography is an investigation of the common background characteristic of a historical group, whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable, by means of a collective study of their lives. Prosopography is an increasingly important approach within historical research. Prosopographical research has the aim of learning about patterns of relationships and activities through the study of collective biography. Such research proceeds by collecting and analysing statistically relevant quantities of biographical data about a well-defined group of individuals. A uniform set of criteria need to be applied to the group in order to achieve meaningful results. The term is a popular one, and the concept is easily inflated.

Lawrence Stone brought the term to general attention in an explanatory article in 1971.^[1] The word is drawn from the figure prosopoeia in classical rhetoric, introduced by Quintilian, in which an absent or imagined person is figured forth, the "face created"— as the Greek suggests— in words, as if present.

It is apparent that a certain mass of data is required for prosopography.^[2] The collection of data underlies the creation of a prosopography; in contemporary research this is usually in the form of an electronic database. However, data-assembly by itself should not be seen as the goal of prosopographical research, which is rather concerned to understand relationships by analysing the data. As leading prosopographer Katherine Keats-Rohan puts it:

'Prosopography is about what the analysis of the sum of data about many individuals can tell us about the different types of connexion between them, and hence about how they operated within and upon the institutions - social, political, legal, economic, intellectual - of their time.’. (Katharine Keats-Rohan, History and Computing 12.1, p. 2)

In this sense prosopography is clearly related to, but distinct from from both biography on and genealogy. Whilst biography and prosopography overlap, and prosopography is interested in the details of individuals' lives, a prosopography is more than the plural of biography. A prosopography is not just any collection of biographies - the lives must have sufficient in common for relationships and connections to be uncovered. Genealogy, as practiced by family historians, has as it goal the reconstruction of familial relationships. As such, well conducted geneological research may form the basis of a prosopography, but prosopgraphical research's goals are much wider.

The nature of prosopographical research has developed over time. In his 1971 essay Lawrence Stone discussed an 'older' form of prosopography which was principally concerned with well known social elites, many of whom were already well-known historical figures. Their genealogies were well-researched, and social webs and kinship linking could be traced, and a prosopography of a 'power elite' made to emerge. Prominent examples which Stone drew upon were the work of Charles Beard and Sir Lewis Namier. Charles Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913) offered an explanation of the form and content of the US constitution by looking at the class background and economic interests of the Founding Fathers. Sir Lewis Namier produced an equally influential study of the eighteenth century House of Commons, and inspired a circle of historians whom Stone lightly termed "Namier Inc." Stone contrasted this older prosopography with what in 1971 was a newer form of quantitative prosopography, whose concern was with much wider populations including particularly 'ordinary people'. An example of this kind of work, published slightly later is is Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering work of microhistory, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error (1978), which developed a picture of patterns of kinship and heresy, daily and seasonal routine in a small Occitan village, the last pocket of Cathars, over a thirty-year period from 1294 to 1324. Stone anticipated that this new form of prosopography would become dominant as part of a growing wave of Social Science History. In fact the promise of this 'new' prosopography was not immediately realised. Prosopography and other associated forms of social science and quantitative history went into a period of decline during the 1980s. Perhaps because of developments in computing, and particularly in database software, prosopography began a revival in the 1990s and is now clearly established as an important approach in historical research.

1 Other examples of prosopographical research
2 Notes
3 Further reading
4 External link

[edit] Other examples of prosopographical research

Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience (1993) is a prosopography that draws the group picture of monastic life, centered on the aggregate experience of the monks of Westminster Abbey. It explores some major themes of daily life— corporate and personal charity, diet, sickness and mortality, servants— in a mosaic formed of documentary flashes of momentary insight into a multitude of obscure lives that can never be pieced together into individual biographies.

[edit] Notes

^ Lawrence Stone, "Prosopography", Daedalus 100.1 (1971), pp 46-71.
^ The classic early example of prosopography was the series of volumes of Prosopographia Imperii Romanae, edited by P. von Rohden and H. Dessau, (Berlin), appearing from 1897, which amassed a database covering the governing class of the Roman Principiate.

[edit] Further reading

Keats-Rohan, Katherine S. B. Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166. 2v. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1999.
Keats-Rohan, Katherine S. B. (ed). Family Trees and the Roots of Politics: The Prosopography of Britain and France from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 1997.
Lindgren, M., 'People of Pylos: Prosopographical and Methodological Studies in the Pylos Archives (Boreas). Uppsala (1973)
Radner, K. (ed.), The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Helsinki, 1998-2002. [1]
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge: University Press, 1971-92.
Carney, T. F. "Prosopography: Payoffs and Pitfalls" Phoenix 27.2 (Summer, 1973), pp. 156-179. Assessing results of prosopgraphy applied to Roman Republican history.

[edit] External link

Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England - a project designed to provide a comprehensive biographical register of recorded inhabitants of Anglo-Saxon England (c. 450-1066), to be accessible in the form of a searchable on-line database, and intended to facilitate further research in many different aspects of Anglo-Saxon studies.