Proto-Dené-Caucasian Glossary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents |
[edit] Introduction
The following glossary is based on the works mentioned in the references. The Proto-Dené-Caucasian language is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, Na-Dené and possibly also other languages of Eurasia and North America. Several remarks must be made:
- The inclusion of Na-Dené is only preliminary, as the work on the regular sound correspondences has not been completed yet.
- Sumerian has been included only as a tentative member. As with other ancient languages, much work remains to be done to ellucidate its phonology. Besides Dené-Caucasian, Sumerian has also been compared to Nostratic (and/or its branches) and Austric (especially Munda). None of these proposals are considered as conclusive. There is not enough evidence to state with certainty that Sumerian was (or, in the case of the oldest proto-languages, was not) a relative of any of them.
[edit] Glossary
[edit] Special Lists
[edit] 100-Word List
To be continued...
| Meaning | Corresponding meaning |
|---|---|
| Different meaning | |
| No known match |
| 100-Word List | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The more stable 35-Word List | |||||||||
| Meaning | PDC | Basque | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| blood1 | t͡ɕʼaːd͡ɮwV́ | -særːði1 | t͡ɕʼaːd͡ɮwV(ː)2 | t͡sak3 | sur4 | 1 In izerdi /iserːði/ 'sweat' < */i-særːði/; */i-/ is the fossilized 2nd animate class marker. 2 PEC: PNa */t͡sʼeːgi(ː)/ 'blood', */t͡sʼeːge(ː)-n/ 'red'; PAv */t͡ʃʼa(ː)gV(ː)-/ 'alive'; PLez */t͡ʃʼV(ː)t͡ɬːʷV(ː)-/ (-w-) 'alive; lively, animated'; Hurr /zur-gi/ 'blood' |
|||
| blood2 | hwiʔnV(ː) | Huni1 | hweʔnV(ː)2 | huní3 | ʔʷiːj4 | 1 Zuberoan hün 'marrow, brain', Lapurdian fuiñ 'marrow, pith' 2 PEC: Akhwakh /hini/ 'blood', Avar /han/ 'meat' |
|||
| blood3 | TVɬV | -dol1 | t(h)ǝlH2 | dǝ̀t͡ɬ3 | 1 In odol 'blood' < */o-dol/; /o-/ is the fossilized 1st animate class marker. 2 'meat, flesh' |
||||
| blood4 | gVrV | gorː-1 | gir2 | ɢɑi3 | 1 In gorri 'red; incandescent', gorri-t 'to become red'; gor-din 'raw', gorringo 'yolk of eggs' < */gorː-/ 2 Nagar 'water that flows from a wound' |
||||
| blood5 | t͡ɬEwŋV́(ː) | t͡ɬEwnV(ː)1 | -ltán2 | t͡ɬɨaŋ3 | 1~*/x-/, */ɬ-/; Proto-East-Caucasian 'internal fat', Proto-West-Caucasian */ɬA/ 'blood'. 2 In Burushaski */mu-ltán/. |
||||
| bone | kot͡sʼa(ː) | kot͡sʼa(ː)1 | kuːt2 | -kut͡s3 | 1 Alternatively */kot͡sʼe(ː)/; Proto-East Caucasian: Hunzib /kʼot͡sʼu/ 'back of head', Agul /kʼat͡sʼ/ 'vertebra' 2 Starostin compares this form to PDC */xqʼHwɨ(ː)ntV́ː/ 'elbow' |
||||
| die | |||||||||
| dog | |||||||||
| ear | |||||||||
| egg | |||||||||
| eye | |||||||||
| fire | |||||||||
| fish | |||||||||
| full | |||||||||
| give | |||||||||
| hand | |||||||||
| horn | |||||||||
| I | |||||||||
| know | |||||||||
| louse | |||||||||
| moon | |||||||||
| name | |||||||||
| new | |||||||||
| nose | |||||||||
| one | |||||||||
| salt | |||||||||
| stone | |||||||||
| sun | |||||||||
| tail | |||||||||
| this | |||||||||
| thou | |||||||||
| tongue | |||||||||
| tooth | |||||||||
| two | |||||||||
| water | |||||||||
| what | |||||||||
| who | |||||||||
| wind | |||||||||
| year | |||||||||
| The less stable 65-Word List | |||||||||
| all | |||||||||
| ashes | |||||||||
| bark | |||||||||
| belly | |||||||||
| big | |||||||||
| bird | |||||||||
| bite | |||||||||
| black | |||||||||
| breast | |||||||||
| burn | |||||||||
| cloud | |||||||||
| cold | |||||||||
| come | |||||||||
| drink | |||||||||
| dry | |||||||||
| earth | |||||||||
| eat | |||||||||
| fat | |||||||||
| feather | |||||||||
| fly | |||||||||
| foot | |||||||||
| good | |||||||||
| green | |||||||||
| hair | |||||||||
| head | |||||||||
| hear | |||||||||
| heart | |||||||||
| kill | |||||||||
| knee | |||||||||
| leaf | |||||||||
| lie | |||||||||
| liver | |||||||||
| long | |||||||||
| man | |||||||||
| many | |||||||||
| meat | |||||||||
| mountain | |||||||||
| mouth | |||||||||
| neck | |||||||||
| night | |||||||||
| person | |||||||||
| rain | |||||||||
| red | |||||||||
| road | |||||||||
| root | |||||||||
| round | |||||||||
| sand | |||||||||
| say | |||||||||
| see | |||||||||
| seed | |||||||||
| sit | |||||||||
| skin | |||||||||
| sleep | |||||||||
| small | |||||||||
| smoke | |||||||||
| stand | |||||||||
| star | |||||||||
| swim | |||||||||
| that | |||||||||
| tree | |||||||||
| walk | |||||||||
| warm | |||||||||
| white | |||||||||
| woman | |||||||||
| yellow | |||||||||
[edit] Body Parts
To be finished...
| Body Parts | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | PDC | Vasconic | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| back | d͡zV[k]wV | -ska-[1] | zəkʷa[2] | -sqa[3] | ʔuska[4] | sku[5] | (sug) |
1 In (c) bizkar /biskarː/ ‘back; crest, hill’ < */bi-ska-rː/; */bi/- is a fossilized inanimate marker, *-/rː/ is a fossilized plural ending. |
|
| back (upper)1 | wəd͡ɮV | -balda[1] | wəd͡ɮV[2] | -wáld-[3] | (bar)[4] | 1 In Basque sorbalda /ɕorːbalda/ < */ɕorː-balda/ ‘shoulder’ 2 In Hunza, Nagar /-wáld-as/, Yasin /-wáld-es/ ‘back’ |
|||
| back (upper)2 | bHǝrxkV́ | bHǝrχV[1] | -pʰóʁonas[2] | ph(r)aːk[3] | (murgu)[4] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian ‘back, shoulder-blade’ > Proto-Lezghian */marχˁVl/ 2 Yasin ‘shoulder’ |
|||
| body | |||||||||
| cheek | daːŋʔɨː | daːŋʔɨː[1] | Taŋ[2] | da͊ʔ[3] | (tun)[4] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian ‘cheek; gum’ 2 Kiranti |
|||
| eye | wemqʼV́ | moko[1] | wimqʼV[2] | -moq-[3] | mjVk[4] | ʔǝqa-[5] | wɑ̀ɢ[6] | (igi)[7] | 1 ‘beak, bill’ if not from Romance. Compare also /begi/, problematic for phonological reasons. 2 ‘witness; true’ < ‘eye-witness’ < ‘eye’ |
| face | nHeːmdV | -neˑnʔ | |||||||
| feather | |||||||||
| foot1 | tʼwiːɦVː[1] | -te-[2] | tʼwiːɦVː[3] | -húʈ-[4] | tɨH[5] | -tʼɑ-[6] | 1 Also with a metathesized counterpart */ɦiːtʼwVː/ in Proto-Avaro-Andian and Burushaski.
2 In Basque izter /isterː/ ‘thigh’ < */i-s-te-rː/; */i-/ is the fossilized 2nd animate class marker, */-s-/ is a fossilized prefix, usually marking body parts (see the Tibetan and Haida forms below), */-rː/ is the fossilized plural marker. |
||
| foot2 | qʼHwV́lV[1] | q̱ʼHwVlV[2] | χɔlV-[3] | qʼuluu[4] | 1 Or */qʼHwV́ɫV/ 2 Proto-East Caucasian > Lezgi /qʼyl/ ‘foot, kick’, etc. |
||||
| forehead | |||||||||
| forehead < edge | bʕáːɫho | bela-[1] | bʕaːɫho[2] | bal[3] | -PVl[4] | 1 In Basque belar /belarː/ < */bela-rː/; *-/rː/ is a fossilized plural ending 2 Proto-East Caucasian ‘edge, protruding end’> Proto-Lezghian */pːaˁlː/ ‘forehead; horn’ > Rutul /bæl/, Kryz /bel/ ‘forehead’ |
|||
| gullet | |||||||||
| head | t͡ɕʼV́qV | SqIa[1] | -t͡ʃáʁanes[2] | t͡s[ɨ]ʔɢ- | -t͡siʔ[3] | (saĝ)[4] | 1 Proto-West Caucasian > Ubykh /ʃɑ/, Kabardian /ɕħɑ/ 2 Yasin ‘back of head’ |
||
| horn | t͡ɬwɨrV | -rːðarː | t͡ɬwɨrV[1] | -ltúr[2] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian 2 Hunza, Nagar /-ltúr/, Hunza, Nagar, Yasin /tur/ (standalone form) |
||||
| jaw | |||||||||
| joint | |||||||||
| lip | kʼweːmtʼiː | kʼweːmtʼiː | kʼúdʼɑ | ||||||
| mouth | χwǝ- | -ho | χwɨ- | khʷəː(H) | χowe | χUʔ | (kag) | ||
| neck | |||||||||
| nose | mHart͡ʃwV́ | muɕu[1] | mHart͡ʃwV[2] | -múʃ[3] | (muš)[4] | 1 (G) musu ‘nose’, (c) ‘snout, face, mouth, lip, kiss’, according to Bengtson, this Dené-Caucasian etymology accounts for the Romance words listed by Trask (1997: 261); (G) musu-zulo ‘nostrils’ 2 Proto-East Caucasian > Chamalal /maʃ/ ‘snot’, etc. |
|||
| point | |||||||||
| tongue | méɫt͡sʼi | mixi | melṯ͡sʼi | -mélt͡ʂ | (meze) | ||||
| tooth | kVrd͡ʒwV | xort͡s | kVrd͡ʒeː | ||||||
Notes
To be completed...
[edit] Pronominal morphemes
| Dene-Caucasian Pronouns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Dene-Caucasian | Basque | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| 1st sg. | *ŋV | *ni, *n- | *nɨ̆ | *a- | *ŋa:- | *ŋ | /ŋa(e)/(1) | (1) Emesal dialect /ma(e)/ | |
| *dzV | *-da-/*-t | *zo: | *dzʲa | *ʔadz | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *ʃ, Haida dii | |||
| *KV | *gu(1)/*g- | *kă- | (2) | (1) 1st pl.; (2) Tlingit χa, Eyak x-, xʷ | |||||
| 2nd sg. | *KʷV | *hi, *h-, *-ga- | *ʁV: | *gu-/*go- | *Kʷa- | *(V)k(V) | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *χʷ-, Tlingit ɣi ~ yi = 2nd pl.; Tlingit ʔi, Eyak ʔi "thou" | |
| *wVn | *wo:-n | *u-n | *nă-(ŋ) | *ʔaw | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *ŋ̰ən-, Haida daŋ, Tlingit waʔɛ́ | |||
| 3rd sg. | *w- (*m-) | be-ra | *mV | *mu-(1) | *m- | *wV | (2) | (1) feminine; (2) Proto-Athabaskan *wə-, Eyak wa-, Tlingit wɛ́, Haida ’wa | |
| 2nd pl. | *Su | *su, *s- | *zʲwĕ | /za(e)/(1) | (1) 2nd sg. | ||||
[edit] Negative morphemes
See the PDC Morphology (forthcoming) for details.
[edit] Affixes
See the PDC Morhology (forthcoming) for details.
[edit] Class Affixes
| Class Affixes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDC | Basque | Caucasian | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Comments | ||||
| *u̯- | *o-/*u- | *u̯- | *a/*o | ||||||
| *j | *e-/*i- | *j- | *g- (?) | *i/*id | |||||
| *w | *be-/*bi- | *w-/*b-(/*m-) | *b-/*m- | *b | |||||
| *r | *r-/*d- | *r-/*d- | |||||||
| *s | *-s- | (*-s-) | *s- | ||||||
[edit] Abbreviations
[edit] References
- BENGTSON, John D., 2006. "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages."
- BENGTSON, John D., 2004. "Some features of Dene-Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)." In Cahiers de l'Institut de linguistique de Louvain (CILL): 33–54.
- BENGTSON, John D., 2003. "Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology." Mother Tongue 8: 21–39.
- BENGTSON, John D., 2002. "The Dene-Caucasian noun prefix *s-." In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer, ed. by F. Cavoto, pp. 53–57. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- BENGTSON, John D., 1999. "Wider genetic affiliations of the Chinese language." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 27 (1): 1–12.
- BENGTSON, John D., 1999. "Review of R.L. Trask, The History of Basque." In Romance Philology 52 (Spring): 219–224.
- BENGTSON, John D., 1998. "Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan: A Hypothesis of S. A. Starostin." General Linguistics, Vol. 36, no. 1/2, 1998 (1996). Pegasus Press, University of North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina.
- BENGTSON, John D., 1997. "Ein Vergleich von Burushaski und Nordkaukasisch". Georgica volume, pages?
- BENGTSON, John D., 1997. "The riddle of Sumerian: A Dene-Caucasic language?" Mother Tongue 3: 63–74.
- BENGTSON, John D., 1996. "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1." (see External links below)
- RUHLEN, Merritt, 2001. "Il Dene-caucasico: una nuova famiglia linguistica." Pluriverso 2: 76–85.
- RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998. "Dene-Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family," in The Origins and Past of Modern Humans—Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore: World Scientific, 231–46.
- RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 95: 13994–13996.
- SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2004. "Proto-Salishan and Proto-North-Caucasian Consonants: a few cognate sets." in Nostratic Centennial Conference: the Pécs Papers. ed. by. I. Hegedűs & P. Sidwell, pp. 181–191. Pécs: Lingua Franca Group.
- SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2003. "Salishan and North Caucasian." Mother Tongue 8: 39–64.
- SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1999 "Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian: two ancient language phyla." In From Neanderthal to Easter Island (Festschrift W. W. Schuhmacher), ed. by N. A. Kirk & P. J. Sidwell. pp. 44–74. Melbourne.
- SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1998. 1998 Symposium on Nostratic at Cambridge. Mother Tongue 31, 28–32 (the whole issue as image files)
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2004-2005. Sino-Caucasian comparative phonology & Sino-Caucasian comparative glossary.
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2002. "A response to Alexander Vovin's criticism of the Sino-Caucasian theory." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1:142–153.
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2000. "Genesis of the Long Vowels in Sino-Tibetan." In Проблемы изучения дальнего родства языков на рыбеже третьего тысячелетия: Доклады и тезисы международной конференции РГГУ, Moscow 2000.
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1996. "Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24.2: 281–311. (written for the 3rd International Conference on Chinese Linguistics in Hongkong in 1994)
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1995. "Old Chinese Basic Vocabulary: A Historical Perspective." In The Ancestry of the Chinese Language (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph No. 8), ed. by W. S.-Y. Wang, pp. 225–251. Berkeley, CA.
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1994. "A Comparative Dictionary of North Caucasian Languages". Moscow. (see External links below)
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A. and Orel, V., 1989. "Etruscan and North Caucasian." Explorations in Language Macrofamilies. Ed. V. Shevoroshkin. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. 23. Bochum.
- VOVIN, Alexander, 1997. "The Comparative Method and Ventures Beyond Sino-Tibetan." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.2: 308–336.
- VOVIN, Alexander, 1997. "Building a 'bum-pa for Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1: 154–171.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
 |
This linguistics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
