Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles

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Proto-Indo-European pronouns and particles have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages. The following article lists and discusses their hypothesized forms.

Contents 1 Pronouns 1.1 Personal pronouns 1.2 Demonstrative pronouns 1.3 Interrogative and relative pronouns 1.4 Derivatives 2 Particles 3 Abbreviations 4 See also

[edit] Pronouns

PIE pronouns are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in later languages. This is especially the case for demonstrative pronouns.

[edit] Personal pronouns

PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead. The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved in English I and me. According to Beekes (1995), there were also two varieties for the accusative, genitive and dative cases, a stressed and an enclitic form.

	Personal pronouns (Beekes 1995)
	First person		Second person
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	h₁eǵ(oH/Hom)	uei	tuH	iuH
Accusative	h₁mé, h₁me	nsmé, nōs	tué	usmé, uōs
Genitive	h₁méne, h₁moi	ns(er)o-, nos	teue, toi	ius(er)o-, uos
Dative	h₁méǵʰio, h₁moi	nsmei, ns	tébʰio, toi	usmei
Instrumental	h₁moí	?	toí	?
Ablative	h₁med	nsmed	tued	usmed
Locative	h₁moí	nsmi	toí	usmi

Sihler (1995) reconstructs the paradigm somewhat differently:

	Personal pronouns (Sihler 1995)
	First person			Second person
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
'Nom.'	eǵoH	weH₁	we-i	tī̆ (tū̆)	yuH₁ (?yūH₁)	yūs (?yuHs)
Acc. tonic	**m-mé (> *mé)	n̥H₁-wé	n̥smé	twé	uH₁-wé	usmé
Acc. enclitic	me	nō̆H₁	nō̆s	te	wō̆H₁	wō̆s
Gen. tonic	mé-me		n̥sóm	té-we		usóm
Gen. enclitic	mos (adj.)		nō̆s	tos (adj.)		wō̆s
Dat. tonic	mébhi		n̥sm-éy	tébhi		usm-éy
Dat. enclitic	mey, ?moy		nō̆s	tey, toy		wō̆s
Ablative	**mm-ét (> ^mét)		n̥sm-ét	tw-ét		usm-ét

A third-person reflexive pronoun se (acc.), sewe, sei (gen.), sébʰio, soi (dat.), parallel to the first and second person singular personal pronouns, also existed, as well as possessive pronominal adjectives.

[edit] Demonstrative pronouns

As for demonstratives, Beekes (1995) tentatively reconstructs a system with only two pronouns: so/seh₂/tod "this, that" and h₁e/ (h₁)ih₂/(h₁)id "the (just named)" (anaphoric). He gives the following paradigms:

	Demonstrative pronouns (Beekes 1995)
	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Neutre	Feminine	Masculine	Neutre	Feminine
Nominative	so	tod	seh₂	toi	teh₂	seh₂i??
Accusative	tóm		teh₂m	tons		teh₂ns
Genitive	(to)sio		(t)eseh₂s	tesom?		tesom?
Ablative	tosmōd			toios?
Dative	tosmōi		tesieh₂ei	toimus		teh₂mus?
Locative	tosmi		tesieh₂i	toisu		teh₂su?
Instrumental	toi?		toi?	toibʰi		teh₂bʰi?
Nominative	h₁e	id	ih₂	h₁ei	ih₂	ih₂es
Accusative	im		ih₂m	ins		ih₂ns
Genitive	h₁éso		h₁eseh₂s?	h₁es(om)
Ablative	h₁esmōd			h₁eios?
Dative	h₁esmōi		h₁esieh₂ei	h₁eimus
Locative	h₁esmi		h₁esieh₂i	h₁eisu
Instrumental	h₁ei?			h₁eibʰi

Many of the special pronominal endings of these paradigms were later borrowed as nominal endings.

Beekes also postulates three adverbial particles ḱi "here", h₂en "there" and h₂eu "away, again", from which demonstratives were constructed in various later languages.

[edit] Interrogative and relative pronouns

There was also an interrogative/indefinite pronoun with the stem kʷe-/kʷi- (adjectival kʷo-), and probably a relative pronoun with the stem yo-.

	Interrogative pronouns (Sihler 1995)
	Pronominal					Adjectival
	Singular		Plural			Singular			Plural
	Masc./fem.	Neutre	Masc./fem.	Neutre		Masculine	Neutre	Feminine	Masculine	Neutre	Feminine
Nominative	kʷis	kʷid	kʷeyes	kʷiH₂		kʷos	kʷod	kʷeH₂	kʷoy	kʷeH₂	kʷeH₂(e)s
Accusative	kʷim		kʷims			kʷom		kʷeH₂m	kʷoms		kʷeH₂ms
Dative	kʷesmey		kʷeybh-			kʷosmey
Genitive	kʷesyo		kʷeysom			kʷosyo
Locative	kʷesmi		kʷeysu

[edit] Derivatives

Type	Stem	Derivatives
1st sg	*H₁eǵ-ō / *H₁eǵ-om / *H₁eǵ	Umbrian eho, Eng. Ic/I, Russ. ja, Gk. egō, Gm. ih/Ich, Kamviri õc, Hitt. uk, Carian uk, Goth. ik, ON ek, Skr. aham, Av. azəm, Lith. aš, Venetic ego, Lat. ego
1st sg oblique	*me	Alb. mua, Lat. me, Umbrian mehe, Engl. mec/me, Gm. mih/mich, Ir. mé/mé, Gr. eme, Russ. mne, Skt. mam, Av. mam, Welsh mi,Venetic mego
2nd sg	*tu	Arm. tu/du, Alb. ti, Lith. tu, Ltv. tu, Lat. tū, Gm. thu/du, Eng. þu/thou, Gk. su, Hitt. tuk, Av. tū, Ir. tú/tú, Kashmiri tsū', Umbrian tu, Kamviri tü, Oscan tuvai, Old Prussian toū, Osset. dy/, Pers. tuva/to, Russ. ty, Skr. tvam, Toch. tu/tuwe, Umbrian tui, Goth. þu, Welsh ti, ON þú, Polish ty, Old Church Slavonic ty
1st pl	*weis / *wei / *we	Eng. wē/we, Gm. wir/wir, Hitt. wēs, Goth. wit;weis, ON vit;vér, Lith. vedu, Skr. vayam, Pers. vayam/, Toch. was/wes, Av. vaēm
1st pl enclitic	*n̥s / *nos	Alb. ne, Gm. unsih/uns, Eng. uncer/us, Hitt. anzās, Goth. unsar; ugkis, ON oss; okkr, Polish nas, Russ. nas, Skr. nas, Lat. nōs, Av. nō, Pers. amaxām/, Gk. no, Ir. ni, Welsh ni, Toch. nás, Lith. nuodu, Old Prussian noūson, Hitt. anzās
2nd pl	*wos / *us	Umbrian uestra, Russ. vy; vas Polish wy; was, Skr. vas, Av. vō, Lat. vōs Old Prussian wans
2nd pl	*yus / *yu	Eng. gē/ye; ēow/you, Gm. ir/ihr, Goth. jus, ON ykkr;yðr, Skr. yūyam, Av. yūžəm, Gk. humeis, Lith. jūs, Ltv. jūs, Old Prussian ioūs, Toch. yas/yes, Arm. dzez/dzez/cez
interrogative	*kʷi-s / *kʷo-s (m), *kʷi-H₂ / *kʷe-H₂ (f), *kʷi-d / *kʷo-d (n)	Lat. qui, quae, quod; quis; quid. Arm. ov;inč', Alb. kush, Lith. kas, Ltv. kas, Eng. hwā/who, Gm. hwër/wer, Phryg. kos, Gk. tis, Hitt. kuiš, Lyc. tike, Carian kuo, Luw. kui-, Lyd. qi-, Av. ko, Ir. cid/cía, Kashmiri kus, Kamviri kâča, Osset. či, Pers. čiy/ki, Russ. kto, Skr. ka, Toch. kus/kŭse, Goth. ƕas, Welsh pwi, ON hverr, Polish kto, Oscan pisi, Umbrian púí; svepis
relative	*yo-}}
demonstrative / 3rd sg	i-, *i-d (n.)	Lat. is, ea, id, Skt. it
distal demonstrative	*so (m), *se-H₂ (f), *to-d (n)	Old English se, seo, thæt, Russ. to
proximal demonstrative	*ko-s (m), *ko-H₂ (f), *ko-d (n)	Lat. cis, Eng. hit/it; he/he, Goth. hita, Gm. hiar/hier, ON hér, Russ. eto
reflexive	*swe	Carian sfes, Lyd. śfa-, OPruss. sien; sin, Lith. savo, Latv sevi, Gm. sih/sich;sin/sein, Goth. sik, Gk. heos, Skt. sva, OCS se, Phryg. ve, ON sik; sinn, Alb. vetë, Lat. sē, sibi;suus, Oscan sífeí, Umbrian seso, Av. hva, Arm. ink's, Russ. sebe;-sja
"another"	*H₂el-yó/nó}}	Lat. alius, Engl. elles/else, Skt. araṇa, Gr. allos, Oscan allo, Toch ālak/allek, Arm. ayl, Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Goth. alijs, Gm. elilenti/elend, Lyd. aλaś, ON elligar

[edit] Particles

particle	meaning	derivatives
*H₁en	in	Gk. en, Eng. in/in, Gm. in/in; īn/ein-, Lat. in, ON í, Goth. in, Welsh yn, Ir. in/in, Lith. į, Ltv. iekšā, Old Prussian en, Luw. anda, Carian nt_a
*epi / *opi	near, at	Gk. epi-, Skr. api, Lat. ab, Av. aipi, Arm. ev, Lith. api-; apie
*pe	with, together	Hitt. pe-
*r̥	Enclitic "for"	Skr. r̥
*nu	now	Alb. tani, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, Gm. nu/nun, Lat. nunc, Eng. nū/now, Gk. nu/, Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, ON nū, Pers. nūra/, Old Prussian teinu, Skr. nū, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Goth. nu, Old Church Slavonic nu
*ne, *nei	negative particle	Alb. nuk, Arm. an-, Av. na, Lith. ne, Ltv. ne, Eng. ne/no, Gm. ne/nein, Goth. ni, Gk. ne-, Hitt. natta, Ir. ní/ní, Lat. nē, Luw. ni-, Lyc. ni-, Lyd. ni-, ON né, Old Prussian ne, Oscan ne, Pers. na/, Polish nie, Russ. ne;net, Skr. na, Toch. an-/en-, Umbrian an-, Welsh ni
*H₁ad	to,by,at	Goth. at, Eng. æt/at, ON at, Gm. az/--, Oscan adpúd, Umbrian ař, Ir. ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaul. ad, Lat. ad Phryg. addaket, XMK addai
*up / *upo	under	Lith. po, Gk. hupo, Skr. upa, Av. upa, Pers. upa/, Eng. upp/up, ON upp, Hitt. upzi, Gm. uf/auf, Goth. iup, Toch. /spe, Ir. fo/fo, Welsh go, Gaul. Voretus, Umbrian sub, Oscan sup, Lat. sub
*H₂n̥-bʰi	around	Gk. amphi, Skr. abhi, Av. aiwito, Eng. bi/by, Gm. umbi/um, Gaul. ambi, Ir. imb/um, Toch. āmpi/, ON um, Welsh am, Pers. abiy/
*n̥dʰ-er	under	Eng. under/under, Skr. adhas, Av. aðairi, Gm. untar/unter, Lat. infernus, Arm. ĕndhup/ĕnthub, ON und, Goth. undar, Pers. /zēr
*per / *pero / *prō	before, forth, in front of, ahead of	Skr. prā, Hitt. per, Eng. for/fore- Gm. /vor, Lith. per, pro, Lat. per, prō
*H₂euo	off, away, down from	Skr. ava
*H₂en / *H₂eno	on, upon	Gk. ano, Eng. an/on, Gm. /an, Goth. ana, ON á, Av. ana, Lat. in (in some cases)

[edit] Abbreviations

• Alb.: Albanian (Tosk/Gheg)
• Anatolian
• Hitt. Hittite
  • Carian
  • Luwian
  • Lycian
  • Lydian
  • Palaic
• Arm.: Armenian (Old Armenian/Eastern/Western)
• Baltic
  • Lith.: Lithuanian
  • Latv.: Latvian
  • Old Prussian
• Celtic
  • Gaulish
  • Irish (Old Irish/Irish)
  • Welsh
• Germanic
  • Gm.: German (Old High German/German)
  • Eng.: English, OE: (Old English
  • ON: Old Norse
  • Goth.: Gothic
• Gk.: Greek
• Indo-Iranian
  • Skt.: Sanskrit
  • Kashmiri
  • Kamviri
  • Av.: Avestan
  • Ossetian
  • Persian, OPers.: Old Persian
  • Kurdish
• Italic
  • Lat.: Latin
  • Oscan
  • Umbrian
• Slavic
  • OCS: Old Church Slavonic
  • Russ.: Russian
  • Polish
• Toch.: Tocharian
• Venetic
• Dacian
• Phrygian
• XMK: Ancient Macedonian
• Illyr.: Illyrian
• Thracian

[edit] See also

• Proto-Indo-European noun