Quabbin Reservoir
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Quabbin Reservoir | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Coordinates | |
| Lake type | Reservoir |
| Max length | 18 mi (28.9 km) |
| Surface area | 38.6 mi² (99.97 km²) |
| Average depth | 51 ft (15.5 m) |
| Max depth | 150 ft (45.7 m) |
| Water volume | 412 billion US gal |
| Shore length1 | 118 mi (189.9 km) |
| Surface elevation | 522 ft (159.1 m) |
| 1 Shore length is an imprecise measure which may not be standardized for this article. | |
The Quabbin Reservoir is the largest body of water in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Built between 1930 and 1940, it is the primary water supply for Boston and many towns in Eastern Massachusetts. It also supplies water to several Massachusetts towns west of the reservoir. It has an aggregate capacity of 412 billion U.S. gallons (1.56 km³) and an area of 38.6 square miles (99.9 km²). Quabbin Reservoir water flows to the Wachusett Reservoir using the Quabbin Aqueduct. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation; the water supply system is operated by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The Winsor Dam and the Goodnough Dike form the reservoir from impoundments of the three branches of the Swift River. The Quabbin Reservoir is part of the Chicopee River Watershed.
Contents |
[edit] History
Metropolitan Boston began to outstrip its local water supplies in the early part of the nineteenth century. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none was considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. After several years of controversy, the Massachusetts General Court authorized the construction of the Cochituate Aqueduct to bring water to Boston from Lake Cochituate in Wayland.
[edit] Public policy
This established three important policies, which remain in force today:
- Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
- Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
- Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.
[edit] Increased demand
By 1875, with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the Boston Water Board was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the Sudbury River in Framingham, Massachusetts, and a new Sudbury Aqueduct to deliver that water to the city. In 1895, the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the Swift River Valley.
[edit] Metropolitan Water District
The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles of the Massachusetts State House, later in 1895. The Wachusett Reservoir was completed in 1908. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by 1915, but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the 1930s.
[edit] Swift River Valley endorsed
A 1922 study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system and created the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), now the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA), to oversee the construction and maintain the system after its completion. In 1926, construction began on the first stage of the project, a tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the Ware River. This is called the Ware River Diversion. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the Swift River. The complete tunnel is now known as the Quabbin Aqueduct.
[edit] Swift River Valley residents opposed
The project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, but bitterly opposed by residents of the affected towns, who took their case all the way to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, but lost. The state of Connecticut also unsuccessfully sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the Connecticut River and subsequently through their state, were being illegally diverted.
[edit] Reservoir formed
Before the reservoir’s construction, there was a hill in Enfield called Quabbin Hill and a lake in Greenwich called Quabbin Lake. Named for a Native American chief called Nani-Quaben, meaning place of many waters, these became the basis for naming the new reservoir. The Quabbin was formed by inundating the Swift River Valley, a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a col, through which Beaver Brook would have otherwise provided another outlet for its water. When construction began in 1936 the Swift River was redirected from its riverbed through a diversion tunnel. On August 14, 1939 that tunnel was sealed with rock. Over the next seven years the waters of the Quabbin Reservoir slowly rose behind the newly completed Winsor Dam, an earth-filled structure 2,640 feet long, rising 170 feet above the riverbed, and the slightly smaller Goodnough Dike. The water gradually submerged the roads that had linked the towns. It swallowed all but the peaks of about sixty hills and mountains, transforming Prescott Ridge into Prescott Peninsula.
[edit] Towns eliminated
The Quabbin's creation required the depopulation and thus the disincorporation, in April of 1938, of four towns: Dana (located in Worcester County), Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott (all located in Hampshire County). The latter three are the namesakes of housing complexes at nearby Hampshire College.
[edit] Boundaries changed
The land remaining from the dissolved towns was annexed to surrounding municipalities, including Belchertown, Pelham, New Salem, Petersham, Hardwick and Ware. Because of New Salem's annexation of the Prescott Peninsula, a large wedge of land shifted from Hampshire County to Franklin County.
[edit] Railroads and highways changed
Thirty-six miles of the Boston and Albany Railroad's Athol Branch were abandoned (originally the Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad). Route 21, formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads - now US 202 and Route 32A - were built on each side.
[edit] Additional information
Although some people may think that the buildings remained intact (though submerged), in fact, all buildings inside the shoreline were razed, and their flammable debris was burned nearby. However, some submerged roads are visible from overhead. The vegetation of the now submerged area was clear-cut and likewise burned. The outflow from the valley was stopped in 1939, and the reservoir filled and began supplying water in 1946. Areas within the watershed but not inundated were likewise cleared of structures and depopulated, for water-quality protection. The cemeteries and all town memorials of the four towns were moved to the newly formed Quabbin Cemetery, located on Route 9 in Ware, just off of the Quabbin's lands. Several houses from Enfield were bought and moved to Dorset, Vermont, and several of the public buildings still survive, moved to various points throughout the area.
[edit] Chicopee Valley Aqueduct
In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the Chicopee Valley Aqueduct to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: Chicopee, South Hadley, and Wilbraham. In 1951, with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.
[edit] Present day
Because of state restrictions, most areas around the reservoir are accessible only by foot, through fifty-five surrounding gates. Few people ever go into the deep woods, and it has become a wildlife area. Bald eagles, moose, bears, foxes, and wildcats share the habitat. Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly cellar holes, as well as the former town green (where a historic stone marker was placed) can be visited. Much of Prescott is also above water, on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula, but it cannot be visited because of state restrictions, although there is an annual tour of the town conducted by the Swift River Valley Historical Society. A few houses and roads exist which were once part of North Prescott (now New Salem), and there is a town line marker just north of the gates, indicating the former town line for Prescott. Cellar holes have been filled near the center of what was once Prescott to accommodate the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory operated by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
[edit] Recreation
Fishing is allowed in designated areas in the northern portions of the reservoir. There is a visitor center south of the reservoir, as well as an observatory tower, the Enfield Lookout. This area is accessible by car from the south using State Route 9. The reservation is a popular spot for hiking and other outdoor activities. This area was formerly part of the town of Enfield, which was annexed by Belchertown.
[edit] References
- Map showing the towns buried under Quabbin as they looked in 1903 with original house locations and current reservoir water level
- [1]
- Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Quabbin Reservoir, accessed on 2005-10-20
- Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Water System History, accessed on 2005-10-20
- Wallace, Floyd Associates, A History of the Development of the Metropolitan District Commission Water Supply System, in Metropolitan District Commission, Water Supply Study and Environmental Impact Report-2020, Task 18-20, September, 1984; accessed on 2005-10-20
- Tougias, Michael. Quabbin: A History and Explorer's Guide. Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts: On Cape Publications, 2002.
- Court order and statement of facts about MWRA facilities
