Rail stressing
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Stressing is a technique developed in the 1960's to avert rail track problems that can occur when installing Continuous Welded Rail (CWR). When installing new rail the rail must be returned to its former temperature or length.
[edit] Technique
Unconstrained large sections of steel will shrink as the temperature drops and expand as it increases. Since the ends of CWR are fixed the rail will experience tensile stress in extreme cold and can fracture if it grows too great. In extreme heat, it will experience compressive stress and if that force grows too strong, the rail will buckle.
Imagine a length of CWR 1 kilometer long on track that has some stress in it. Each end of that rail is fixed to the track. Also imagine a 1 kilometer long length of rail laying on the ground next to the track. In a hot summer, the unconstrained rail laying next to the track is going to expand, and the rail fixed to the track will experience compression. The unconstrained rail will actually be longer than 1 kilometer. Likewise, in extreme cold, the unfixed rail will shrink and actually be shorther than 1 kilometer, while the rail that is constrained to 1 kilometer will experience tension.
Obviously, there is a temperature where the length of the rail as fixed on the track is equal to the length of the unfixed rail. This is known as the rail neutral temperature. Note that rail neutral temperature does not actually measure the temperature of the rail. Instead it measures stress because rail neutral temperature is merely the ambient air temperature where the fixed length of rail has no compressive or tensile stress.
When working with rail (laying new track, repairing track, changing out sleepers/ties), this rail neutral temperature can be induced even if the ambient temperature is different by adding stress to the rail.
The act of stressing rail is inducing the proper rail neutral temperature so that there will be no fracturing or buckling at the temperature extremes. Since environmental extremes will vary, there is no universal rail neutral temperature. In the UK all rail is stressed to 27 degrees Celsius (81 Fahrenheit) (mean summer rail temperature). US standards range from 90 to 110 degrees Fahrenheit (35 to 43 Celsius) depending in large part on expected temperature range over the course of a year.
Stress is frequently induced when a piece of rail is removed (a defective rail) or when an IBJ (Insulated Block Joint) is to be replaced. In these cases: The rail is marked and clips removed. The start point of the new rail is then cut. At this point the rail should shrink (a gap is created) due to the stress being lost in the rail. The technician then calculates how much stress is lost and needs replacing. The second cut is made and the old rail removed. The new rail is fitted and welded at one end. A stressing kit is then fitted at the end still to be welded. The kit is clamped to the rail and it pulls the gap together, leaving space for the second weld. Once the rail is stressed to the appropriate temperature the weld is made. After setting the weld the stress kit is removed.
The stress or neutral rail temperature of track can change over time, particularly under heavy traffic conditions. Besides resetting the rail neutral temperature when making repairs, rail testing is often employed to attempt to calculate the rail neutral temperature of a particular track to determine if prescriptive measures are needed.
