Redpoll

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Redpolls
Mealy Redpoll Carduelis flammea flammea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Genus: Carduelis (but see article text)
Species
Carduelis flammea Carduelis cabaret Carduelis hornemanni

The Redpolls are a group of small passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae which have characteristic red markings on their heads. They were formerly placed into the genus Acanthis together with the linnets and the twite, but their closest relatives are actually the crossbills (Arnaiz-Villena et al., 2001). These would have to be included in the genus Carduelis, but as their adaptations and biogeography are evolutionarily quite peculiar, it would be better to reinstate Acanthis instead, including only the redpolls. There are several different very closely related (Seutin et al., 1995) forms of redpolls which could be considered as anything from one to five species (Knox, 1988). Recent studies (Herremans, 1990; Sangster et al., 2002) tend to support three species, but this is certainly not definite.

All redpolls are northern breeding woodland species, associated with birch trees. They are small dumpy birds, brown or grey-brown above and with a red forehead patch. The adult male's breast is washed in red, but in females and young birds the buff breast and white belly are streaked with brown. The bill is small and yellow. Some birds, particularly young ones, are difficult to assign to species.

They are primarily seed-eaters, and often feed acrobatically like a tit; their diet may include some insects in summer. They have a dry reeling song and a metallic call. They lay 4-7 eggs in a nest in a tree or, in the case of Arctic Redpoll, a large bush. They can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches.

The species are:
Arctic Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni, breeds in tundra birch forest. It has two subspecies, C. h. hornemanni, (Greenland Arctic Redpoll) of Greenland and neighbouring parts of Canada, and C. h. exilipes which breeds in the tundra of northern North America - where it is known as the Hoary Redpoll - and Eurasia. Many birds remain in the far north; some birds migrate short distances south in winter, sometimes travelling with Common Redpolls.

The Greenland race is a very large and pale bird, with the male sometimes described as a "snowball", but both forms are pale with small beaks, white rumps and often more yellow than grey-brown tones in their plumage. The females are more streaked on their breasts, sides and rumps, but are still pale.

Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea, breeds somewhat further south than Arctic Redpoll, also in habitats with thickets or shrubs. Nominate C. f. flammea (Mealy Redpoll) breeds across the northern parts of North America and Eurasia. There is also an Icelandic subspecies, C. f. islandica, and one which breeds in Greenland and Baffin Island, C. f. rostrata. All forms migrate further south in winter into southern Canada, northern USA and most of Eurasia. These birds are remarkably resistant to cold temperatures and winter movements are mainly driven by the availability of food. Common Redpoll is smaller, browner and more streaked than Arctic; there are two distinct populations (one lighter, one darker) united in islandica, the relationships of which are unresolved (Seutin et al., 1995).

Lesser Redpoll, Carduelis cabaret, is the smallest, brownest and most streaked species. It breeds in Ireland, Great Britain and neighbouring parts of Europe up to Norway, and the Alps. Many birds migrate further south in winter, but the milder climate means that this redpoll can be found all year round in much of its range, and may be joined by the other two species in winter. The relationships among the populations is unresolved (Seutin et al., 1995). This species has been introduced to New Zealand. It co-occurs with the Mealy Redpoll in southern Norway, apparently without significant interbreeding though sympatry was established too recently to draw firm conclusions (Sangster et al., 2002).

Contents 1 References 2 External Links 3 Further reading 3.1 Carduelis hornemanni 3.2 Book 3.3 Thesis 3.4 Articles 3.5 Carduelis flammea 3.6 Book 3.7 Thesis 3.8 Articles

[edit] References

• Arnaiz-Villena, A.; Guillén, J.; Ruiz-del-Valle, V.; Lowy, E.; Zamora, J.; Varela, P.; Stefani, D. & Allende, L. M. (2001): Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks, and rosefinches. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58(8): 1159–1166. PDF fulltext

• Herremans, M. 1990. Taxonomy and evolution in Redpolls Carduelis flammea – hornemanni; a multivariate study of their biometry. Ardea 78(3): 441–458. HTML abstract

• Knox, A. G. (1988): The taxonomy of redpolls. Ardea 76(1): 1–26.

• Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. Ibis 144(1): 153–159. DOI:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x PDF fulltext

• Seutin, G.; Ratcliffe, L. M. & Boag, P. T. (1995): Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelinae: Carduelis flammea - hornemanni). Evolution 49(5): 962–973. DOI:10.2307/2410418 (HTML abstract and first page image)

[edit] External Links

• Common Redpoll Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Common Redpoll - Carduelis flammea - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Common Redpoll Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Carduelis hornemanni

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[edit] Book

• Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther. 2000. Hoary Redpoll (Carduelis hornemanni). In The Birds of North America, No. 544 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

• Seutin G. Ph.D. (1991). Evolutionary relationships in the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea-Carduelis hornemanni). Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

[edit] Articles

• Alsop FJ, III. (1973). Notes on the Hoary Redpoll on Its Central Canadian Arctic Breeding Grounds. Wilson Bulletin. vol 85, no 4. p. 484-485.

• Bancroft J. (1993). Further observations of albinism in birds. Blue Jay. vol 51, no 4. p. 203-204.

• Bennike O & Feilberg J. (2004). Bird observations in Washington Land, North Greenland, in 1999. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 98, no 4. p. 192-195.

• Christensen K, Hansen LG & Soby E. (1996). The Danish bird report 1994. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 90, no 2. p. 49-88.

• Ferns PN & Mudge GP. (1976). Abundance and Breeding Success of Birds in Orsted Dal East Greenland 1974. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 70, no 1-2. p. 21-34.

• Freedman B & Svoboda J. (1982). Populations of Breeding Birds at Alexandra Fjord Ellesmere Island Northwest-Territories Canada Compared with Other Arctic Localities. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 96, no 1. p. 56-60.

• Gates D, Schneider J & Young SR. (1968). 3 Apparently New Records for Nebraska. Nebraska Bird Review. vol 36, no 4. p. 76-78.

• Hasse H. (1973). Lesser Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret New-Record and Hornemanns Redpolls Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes New-Record from the Oberlausitz Area. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Goerlitz. vol 48, no 16.

• Kajzer Z, Guentzel S, Jasinski M & Solowiej M. (2005). Rare birds recorded in 1999-2003 in Western Pomerania. Notatki Ornitologiczne. vol 46, no 2. p. 89-104.

• Knox AG. (1988). The Taxonomy of Redpolls. Ardea. vol 76, no 1. p. 1-26.

• Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. p. 609-620.

• Lansdown P, Riddiford N & Knox A. (1991). Identification of Arctic Redpoll Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes. British Birds. vol 84, no 2. p. 41-56.

• Marten JA & Johnson NK. (1986). Genetic Relationships of North American Cardueline Finches. Condor. vol 88, no 4. p. 409-420.

• Mills A. (1986). Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983. Ontario Birds. vol 4, no 1. p. 30-32.

• Osieck ER. (1976). The Occurrence of the Arctic Redpoll Carduelis-Hornemanni in 1972. Limosa. vol 49, no 1-2. p. 100-106.

• Pattie DL. (1990). A 16-Year Record of Summer Birds on Truelove Lowland Devon Island Northwest Territories Canada. Arctic. vol 43, no 3. p. 275-283.

• Renaud WE, Johnson SR & Hollingdale PD. (1979). Breeding Birds of Arctic Bay Baffin Island Northwest-Territories Canada with Notes on the Bio Geographic Significance of the Avi Fauna. Arctic. vol 32, no 2. p. 122-134.

• Riddington R, Votier SC & Steele J. (2000). The influx of redpolls into Western Europe, 1995/96. British Birds. vol 93, no 2. p. 59-67.

• Scott G, Woodbridge KF & Duncan AE. (1999). Condition of passerine vagrants on North Ronaldsay: A comment (and reply). Ringing & Migration. vol 19, no 3. p. 213-214.

• Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1989). Plumage Variability in North American Redpolls Aves Carduelinae the Importance of Sexual and Age Dimorphisms. Musk Ox. vol 37, p. 116-121.

• Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1992). Plumage variability in redpolls from Churchill, Manitoba. Auk. vol 109, no 4. p. 771-785.

• Slings OL & De Vries CN. (1971). Redpolls. Maandblad de Pieper. vol 10, no 10. p. 217-218.

• Soby E, Christensen K & Hansen LG. (1997). The Danish Bird Report 1995. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 91, no 1. p. 5-48.

• Stokke BG, Reinsborg T, Dahl EL, Kamsvag C, Vikan JR, Rudolfsen G, Solbakken KA & Storkersen OR. (2006). THE NORWEGIAN BIRD REPORT 2001 - a report on locally uncommon and scarce birds in Norway in 2001, by the Norwegian Birds Records Committee (NFKF). Ornis Norvegica. vol 29, no 1. p. 4-45.

• Stradi R, Celentano G, Boles M & Mercato F. (1997). Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in a series of red-pigmented Carduelinae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 117, no 1. p. 85-91.

• Troy DM. (1985). A Phenetic Analysis of the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Flammea and Carduelis-Hornemanni-Exilipes. Auk. vol 102, no 1. p. 82-96.

• Troy DM & Brush AH. (1983). Pigments and Feather Structure of the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea and Carduelis-Hornemanni. Condor. vol 85, no 4. p. 443-446.

• Troy DM & Shields GF. (1979). Multiple Nesting Attempts by Alaskan USA Redpolls. Condor. vol 81, no 1. p. 96-97.

• Votier SC, Steele J, Shaw KD & Stoddart AM. (2000). Arctic Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni exilipes: An identification review based on the 1995/96 influx. British Birds. vol 93, no 2. p. 68-84.

• Watson A. (1986). Notes on the Sexual Cycle of Some Baffin Island Canada Birds. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 3. p. 396-397.

• Weatherhead PJ & Bider JR. (1980). Avian Range Extension Northward to Deception Bay Quebec Canada. Arctic. vol 33, no 2.

[edit] Carduelis flammea

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[edit] Book

• Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther. 2000. Common Redpoll (Carduelis flammea). In The Birds of North America, No. 543 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Thesis

• Ashenhurst AR. M.Sc. (2004). The effects of seismic lines and drill pads on breeding migratory birds in the Kendall Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Northwest Territories. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

• Diamond ML. M.Sc. (1980). Plumage variability in redpolls, Carduelis flammea and C. hornemanni, L. a test of Rohwer's status signalling hypothesis. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

• Grinnell LI. Ph.D. (1947). A STUDY OF THE COMMON REDPOLL ACANTHUS FLAMMEA FLAMMEA (L.). Cornell University, United States -- New York.

• Seutin G. Ph.D. (1990). Evolutionary relationships in the redpoll complex (Carduelis flammea - Carduelis hornemanni). Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

• Wren LS. M.Sc. (2001). Continental and regional distribution and abundance patterns of boreal cardueline finches: Influences of conifer seed availability. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), Canada.

[edit] Articles

• Angst C. (1998). Mates and "girlfriends": Social organization in the Common Redpoll. Biologia e Conservazione della Fauna. vol 102, no 96.

• Badyaev AV. (1997). Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism: a new pattern and alternative hypotheses. Behavioral Ecology. vol 8, no 6. p. 675-690.

• Badyaev AV & Young RL. (2004). Complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: an example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. vol 17, no 6. p. 1317-1327.

• Bocher J. (1978). Spergularia-Canadensis New-Record Caryophyllaceae in Greenland. Botanisk Tidsskrift. vol 72, no 4. p. 245-248.

• Bock CE. (1982). Synchronous Fluctuations in Christmas Bird Counts of Common Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea and Pinon Jays Gymnorhinus-Cyanocephalus. Auk. vol 99, no 2. p. 382-383.

• Boddy M. (1981). Aging and Sexing British Uk Lesser Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret. Ringing & Migration. vol 3, no 4. p. 193-202.

• Boddy M. (1983). Autumn Molts of Adult and Juvenile Lesser Redpolls in Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret Nottinghamshire England Uk. Ornis Scandinavica. vol 14, no 4. p. 299-308.

• Boddy M. (1984). Body Weights of Adult and Juvenile Lesser Redpolls in Carduelis-Flammea-Cabaret in Central and Southern England Uk. Ringing & Migration. vol 5, no 2. p. 91-100.

• Bundus RH. (1994). Common redpoll sighting from Stephens County. Oriole. vol 59, no 2-3.

• Daoust PY, Busby DG, Ferns L, Goltz J, McBurney S, Poppe C & Whitney H. (2000). Salmonellosis in songbirds in the Canadian Atlantic provinces during winter-summer 1997-98. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. vol 41, no 1. p. 54-59.

• Dawson WR & Marsh RL. (1986). Winter Fattening in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis and the Possible Role of Temperature in Its Regulation. Physiological Zoology. vol 59, no 3. p. 357-368.

• De Juana E. (2006). Report on rare birds in Spain in 2004. Ardeola. vol 53, no 1. p. 163-190.

• Enemar A & Arheimer O. (1989). Developmental Asynchrony and Onset of Incubation among Passerine Birds in a Mountain Birch Forest of Swedish Lapland. Ornis Fennica. vol 66, no 1. p. 32-40.

• Erskine AJ & McManus R. (2003). Supposed periodicity of Redpoll, Carduelis sp., winter visitations in Atlantic Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 117, no 4. p. 611-620.

• Fennell JFM, Sagar PM & Fennell JS. (1985). Variation within the Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea of Canterbury New-Zealand. Notornis. vol 32, no 3. p. 245-253.

• Flousek J. (1988). Bird and Mammal Communities of the Subarctic Peatbog in the Krkonose Mountains Czechoslovakia. Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoologicke. vol 52, no 1. p. 7-21.

• Haftorn S. (1998). Breeding bird population in a subalpine birch forest in central Norway, with notes on the winter feeding strategy of Carduelis flammea. Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus. vol 21, no 2. p. 75-85.

• Haftorn S. (2002). A pair of the Redpoll Carduelis flammea with two clutches in Finnmark, North Norway. Ornis Svecica. vol 12, no 3.

• Hahn TP, Pereyra ME & Sharbaugh SM. (2003). Effects of photoperiod on brain GnRH plasticity and peripheral reproductive physiology in three species of cardueline finches. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer & Itinerary Planner. p. 611.

• Hahn TP, Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Bentley GE. (2004). Physiological responses to photoperiod in three cardueline finch species. General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol 137, no 1. p. 99-108.

• Helle P. (1985). Habitat Selection of Breeding Birds in Relation to Forest Succession in Northeastern Finland. Ornis Fennica. vol 62, no 3. p. 113-123.

• Herremans M. (1990). Taxonomy and Evolution in Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Hornemanni a Multivariate Study of Their Biometry. Ardea. vol 78, no 3. p. 441-458.

• Hochachka WM, Wells JV, Rosenberg KV, Tessaglia-Hymes DL & Dhondt AA. (1999). Irruptive migration of common redpolls. Condor. vol 101, no 2. p. 195-204.

• Hogstad O. (2005). Numerical and functional responses of breeding passerine species to mass occurrence of geometrid caterpillars in a subalpine birch forest: a 30-year study. Ibis. vol 147, no 1. p. 77-91.

• Jarvinen A & Rajasarkka A. (1992). POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS IN 2 NORTHERN LAND BIRD COMMUNITIES - EFFECTS OF HABITAT, MIGRATION STRATEGY AND NEST-SITE. Ornis Fennica. vol 69, no 4. p. 173-183.

• Jokimaki J, Huhta E, Monkkonen M & Nikula A. (2000). Temporal variation of bird assemblages in moderately fragmented and less-fragmented boreal forest landscapes: A multi-scale approach. Ecoscience. vol 7, no 3. p. 256-266.

• Kennard JH. (1976). BIENNIAL RHYTHM IN WINTER DISTRIBUTION OF COMMON REDPOLL. Bird-Banding. vol 47, no 3. p. 231-237.

• Knox AG. (1988). The Taxonomy of Redpolls. Ardea. vol 76, no 1. p. 1-26.

• Knox AG, Helbig AJ, Parkin DT & Sangster G. (2001). The taxonomic status of Lesser Redpoll. British Birds. vol 94, no 6. p. 260-267.

• Koban M & Feist DD. (1981). The Effect of Cold on Norepinephrine Turnover in Tissues of Seasonally Acclimatized Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea. Physiologist. vol 24, no 4.

• Koenig WD. (2001). Synchrony and periodicity of eruptions by boreal birds. Condor. vol 103, no 4. p. 725-735.

• Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. p. 609-620.

• Lifjeld JT & Bjerke BA. (1996). Evidence for assortative pairing by the cabaret and flammea subspecies of the common Redpoll Carduelis flammea in SE Norway. Fauna Norvegica Series C Cinclus. vol 19, no 1. p. 1-8.

• Lindstrom A, Visser GH & Daan S. (1993). The energetic cost of feather synthesis is proportional to basal metabolic rate. Physiological Zoology. vol 66, no 4. p. 490-510.

• Marten JA & Johnson NK. (1986). Genetic Relationships of North American Cardueline Finches. Condor. vol 88, no 4. p. 409-420.

• Meese RJ & Fuller MR. (1989). Distribution and Behavior of Passerines around Peregrine Falco-Peregrinus Eyries in Western Greenland. Ibis. vol 131, no 1. p. 27-32.

• Patterson IJ, Ollason JG & Doyle P. (1995). Bird populations in upland spruce plantations in northern Britain. Forest Ecology and Management. vol 79, no 1-2. p. 107-131.

• Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Hahn TP. (2005). Interspecific variation in photo-induced GnRH plasticity among nomadic cardueline finches. Brain Behavior and Evolution. vol 66, no 1. p. 35-49.

• Pohl H. (1974). INTERACTION OF EFFECTS OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND SEASON ON CIRCADIAN PERIOD OF CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA. Naturwissenschaften. vol 61, no 9. p. 406-407.

• Pohl H. (1980). PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK OF THE REDPOLL CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA .1. STABILITY OF PERIOD AND RANGES OF ENTRAINMENT. Physiological Zoology. vol 53, no 2. p. 186-198.

• Pohl H. (1980). PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK OF THE REDPOLL CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA .2. OVERT FUNCTIONS IN RELATION TO THE PACEMAKER. Physiological Zoology. vol 53, no 2. p. 199-209.

• Pohl H. (1999). Spectral composition of light as a zeitgeber for birds living in the high arctic summer. Physiology & Behavior. vol 67, no 3. p. 327-337.

• Pulliainen E. (1982). Nesting Clumping of Thrushes with Other Birds in the Northern Finnish Taiga in Early Spring. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol 21, p. 60-62.

• Pulliainen E & Peiponen V. (1981). The Breeding of the Redpoll Carduelis-Flammea in Northeastern Finland. Ornis Fennica. vol 58, no 3. p. 109-116.

• Raymund RG. (1985). Common Redpoll in Dunwoody Georgia USA Area. Oriole. vol 50, no 2-3. p. 37-38.

• Refsum T, Vikoren T, Handeland K, Kapperud G & Holstad G. (2003). Epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of Salmonella typhimurium infection in passerine birds in Norway. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 39, no 1. p. 64-72.

• Reinertsen RE & Haftorn S. (1986). Different Metabolic Strategies of Northern Birds for Nocturnal Survival. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic & Environmental Physiology. vol 156, no 5. p. 655-664.

• Riddington R, Votier SC & Steele J. (2000). The influx of redpolls into Western Europe, 1995/96. British Birds. vol 93, no 2. p. 59-67.

• Romero LM, Cyr NE & Romero RC. (2006). Corticosterone responses change seasonally in free-living house sparrows (Passer domesticus). General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol 149, no 1. p. 58-65.

• Romero LM, Soma KK, O'Reilly KM, Suydam R & Wingfield JC. (1997). Territorial behavior, hormonal changes, and body condition in an Arctic-breeding song bird, the redpoll (Carduelis flammea). Behaviour. vol 134, no 9-10. p. 727-747.

• Romero LM, Soma KK & Wingfield JC. (1998). The hypothalamus and adrenal regulate modulation of corticosterone release in redpolls (Carduelis flammea - An arctic-breeding song bird). General and Comparative Endocrinology. vol 109, no 3. p. 347-355.

• Rosefield RN, Schneider JW, Papp JM & Seegar WS. (1995). Prey of peregrine falcons breeding in West Greenland. Condor. vol 97, no 3. p. 763-770.

• Saari L. (1977). Change of Habitat Preference During the Summer in Certain Passerines. Ornis Fennica. vol 54, no 4. p. 154-159.

• Sangster G, Knox AG, Helbig AJ & Parkin DT. (2002). Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. Ibis. vol 144, no 1. p. 153-159.

• Seutin G. (1994). PLUMAGE REDNESS IN REDPOLL FINCHES DOES NOT REFLECT HEMOPARASITIC INFECTION. Oikos. vol 70, no 2. p. 280-286.

• Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1992). PLUMAGE VARIABILITY IN REDPOLLS FROM CHURCHILL, MANITOBA. Auk. vol 109, no 4. p. 771-785.

• Seutin G, Boag PT & Ratcliffe LM. (1993). MORPHOMETRIC VARIABILITY IN REDPOLLS FROM CHURCHILL, MANITOBA. Auk. vol 110, no 4. p. 832-843.

• Seutin G, Boag PT, White BN & Ratcliffe LM. (1991). SEQUENTIAL POLYANDRY IN THE COMMON REDPOLL (CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA). Auk. vol 108, no 1. p. 166-170.

• Seutin G, Ratcliffe LM & Boag PT. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA homogeneity in the phenotypically diverse redpoll finch complex (Aves: Carduelis: Carduelinae: flammea-hornemanni). Evolution. vol 49, no 5. p. 962-973.

• Skadsen D. (1992). Common redpoll and slate-colored junco recovered outside South Dakota. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 44, no 4. p. 83-84.

• Smith KG. (1979). Common Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea Using Spruce Seeds in Northern Utah USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 91, no 4. p. 621-623.

• Stradi R, Celentano G, Boles M & Mercato F. (1997). Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in a series of red-pigmented Carduelinae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 117, no 1. p. 85-91.

• Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. vol 128, no 3. p. 529-535.

• Troy DM. (1984). Holboells Redpolls Carduelis-Flammea-Holboellii Do They Exist. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 62, no 11. p. 2302-2306.

• Troy DM. (1985). A PHENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE REDPOLLS CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA-FLAMMEA AND CARDUELIS-HORNEMANNI-EXILIPES. Auk. vol 102, no 1. p. 82-96.

• Troy DM & Brush AH. (1983). PIGMENTS AND FEATHER STRUCTURE OF THE REDPOLLS, CARDUELIS-FLAMMEA AND CARDUELIS-HORNEMANNI. Condor. vol 85, no 4. p. 443-446.

• Van Oort H & Dawson RD. (2005). Carotenoid ornamentation of adult male Common Redpolls predicts probability of dying in a salmonellosis outbreak. Functional Ecology. vol 19, no 5. p. 822-827.

• Virkkala R. (1987). Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol 24, no 4. p. 281-294.

• Virkkala R. (1987). Geographical Variation in Bird Communities of Old Intact Forests in Northern Finland. Ornis Fennica. vol 64, no 3. p. 107-118.

• Watson A. (1986). Notes on the Sexual Cycle of Some Baffin Island Canada Birds. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 3. p. 396-397.