Robert Nivelle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Robert Georges Nivelle (October 15, 1857–March 22, 1924) was a French military commander during World War I.
Born in Tulle, France, to a French father and English mother, Nivelle graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1878 and served in Indochina, Algeria, and China as an artillery officer. He rose in rank from sub-lieutenant in 1878 to regimental colonel in December 1913, which he held at the start of the war in August 1914. A gifted artilleryman, the intense fire he was able to maintain played a key part in stopping German attacks during the Alsace Offensive early in the war, the First Battle of the Marne (September 5–10, 1914) and the First Battle of the Aisne (September 15–18, 1914). He received a promotion to Brigadier General in October 1914. A chief assistant to Philippe Pétain at Verdun, his success while commanding the forces that recaptured Douaumont and other forts at Verdun led to him being given command of the Verdun sector in 1916.
Nivelle was an exponent of aggressive tactics, arguing that by using a creeping barrage he could end the war on the Western Front. His ideas were popular with the besieged Aristide Briand, the French Prime Minister and in December 13, 1916 Nivelle replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army. He devised a grand plan to win the war in 1917. This involved a British attack to draw in German reserves, followed by a massive general French attack aimed at the Arras–Soissons–Reims salient. However, Nivelle was willing to talk about his plan to anyone who asked, including journalists, while the Germans captured copies of the battle plan left in French trenches; consequently the element of surprise was lost. When launched in April 1917, the Aisne campaign (Nivelle Offensive) was a failure. He continued with the strategy until the French Army began to mutiny.
Nivelle was relieved on May 15, 1917 and replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Pétain, who restored the fighting capacity of the French forces. He was reassigned to North Africa in December 1917, where he spent the rest of his military career before retiring in 1921.
