Sacrum

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Bone: Sacrum
Sacrum, pelvic surface
Image of pelvis. Sacrum is in center.
Latin	os sacrum
Gray's	subject #24 106
MeSH	Sacrum
Dorlands/Elsevier	o_07/12598664

For the record label, see Sacrum Torch

The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone).

It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is concave facing forwards, thus its curvature is considered a kyphosis. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Parts 3 Articulations 4 Sexual dimorphism 5 Variations 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 External links 9 References

[edit] Etymology

The name is derived from the Latin sacer, "sacred", a translation of the Greek hieron (osteon), meaning sacred or strong bone.^[1] This is supposedly derived from the belief that it could not be destroyed and was the part that would allow rising from the dead.^{[2][citation needed]} In slavonic languages this bone is called cross bone. Two of them symbolise passage of time. In bone chapel is a main cross formed by assembly of 4 sacrum bones.

[edit] Parts

• The pelvic surface of sacrum is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side.
• The dorsal surface of sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic.
• The lateral surface of sacrum is broad above, but narrowed into a thin edge below.
• The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward.
• The apex (apex oss. sacri) is directed downward, and presents an oval facet for articulation with the coccyx.
• The vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal) runs throughout the greater part of the bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminae and spinous processes. It lodges the sacral nerves, and its walls are perforated by the anterior and posterior sacral foramina through which these nerves pass out.

[edit] Articulations

The sacrum articulates with four bones:

• the last lumbar vertebra above
• the coccyx below
• the hip bone on either side

Although in most people the sacro-iliac joints are tightly bound and immobile, some are able to rotate the sacrum forward a few degrees vis-à-vis the ilia. This motion is sometimes called "nutation", and the reverse motion "counter-nutation."^[3]

It is called the sacrum when referred to all of the parts combined, but sacral vertebrae when referred individually.

[edit] Sexual dimorphism

The sacrum is noticeably sexually dimorphic (differently-shaped in males and females).

In the female the sacrum is shorter and wider than in the male; the lower half forms a greater angle with the upper; the upper half is nearly straight, the lower half presenting the greatest amount of curvature. The bone is also directed more obliquely backward; this increases the size of the pelvic cavity and renders the sacrovertebral angle more prominent.

In the male the curvature is more evenly distributed over the whole length of the bone, and is altogether greater than in the female.

[edit] Variations

The sacrum, in some cases, consists of six pieces; occasionally the number is reduced to four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite.

Sometimes the uppermost transverse tubercles are not joined to the rest of the ala on one or both sides, or the sacral canal may be open throughout a considerable part of its length, in consequence of the imperfect development of the laminae and spinous processes.

The sacrum, also, varies considerably with respect to its degree of curvature

[edit] Additional images

Vertebral column.		Sacrum, dorsal surface.	Lateral surfaces of sacrum and coccyx.
Base of sacrum.	Median sagittal section of the sacrum.	Vertebral column.	Left Levator ani from within.
The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.	Median sagittal section of male pelvis.	Median sagittal section of female pelvis.

[edit] See also

• Bone terminology
• Terms for anatomical location
• Pelvimetry

[edit] External links

• SUNY Labs 43:os-0401 - "The Female Pelvis: Articulated bones of pelvis"
• SUNY Labs 43:st-0401 - "The Female Pelvis: Bones"
• Dictionary at eMedicine sacrum

[edit] References

1. ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sacrum
2. ^ http://www.medfriendly.com/sacral.html
3. ^ http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/14/26/18.html]

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.

v • d • e Bones of torso

sternum: manubrium, body of sternum, xiphoid process, suprasternal notch rib: first rib, tenth rib, eleventh rib, twelfth rib, floating rib, false ribs, angle, tubercle, costal groove, neck, head general vertebral structures: body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular, spinous) cervical vertebrae: C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C7, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium thoracic vertebrae: costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) lumbar vertebrae: accessory process, mammillary process sacrum/coccyx: pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina, dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface, base, sacral hiatus