Salyut 1

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**Salyut 1**
Mission Insignia

Salyut 1 station

Mission Statistics
Mission Name:	Salyut 1
Call sign:	Salyut
Launch:	April 19, 1971 01:40:00 UTC Baikonur, U.S.S.R
Reentry:	October 11, 1971
Crews:	1
Occupied:	24 days
In orbit:	175 days
Number of orbits:	2,929
Apogee:	138 mi (222 km)
Perigee:	124 mi (200 km)
Period:	88.5 min
Inclination	51.6 deg
Distance traveled:	~73,696,192 mi (~118,602,524 km)
Orbital mass:	18,425 kg
Salyut 1

Salyut 1 (DOS 1, Russian: Салют-1) was the first Salyut space station, and the first space station of any kind. It was launched on April 19, 1971. Its first crew launched in Soyuz 10 but was unable to board it due to a failure in the docking mechanism; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 productive days. However, a pressure-equalization valve in the Soyuz 11 reentry capsule opened prematurely when the crew returned to Earth, killing all three. Salyut 1 reentered Earth's atmosphere October 11, 1971.

1 Structure
2 Specifications
3 Visiting spacecraft and crews
- 3.1 Soyuz 10
- 3.2 Expedition 1 (Soyuz 11)
4 Reentry
5 See also
6 References

[edit] Structure

At launch, the announced purpose of Salyut was to test the elements of the systems of a space station and to conduct scientific research and experiments. The craft was described as being 20 m in length, 4 m in maximum diameter, and 99 m³ in interior space with an on-orbit dry mass of 18,425 kg. Of its several compartments, three were pressurized (100 m³ total), and two could be entered by the crew.

[edit] Transfer Compartment

The first, or transfer, compartment was connected directly with Soyuz 11. Its docking cone had a 2 m front end diameter and a 3 m aft end diameter.

[edit] Main Compartment

The second, and main, compartment was about 4 m in diameter. Televised views showed enough space for eight big chairs (seven at work consoles), several control panels, and 20 portholes (some unobstructed by instruments).

[edit] Auxiliary Compartment

The third pressurized compartment contained the control and communications equipment, the power supply, the life support system, and other auxiliary equipment. The fourth, and final, compartment (unpressurized) was about 2 m in diameter and contained the engine installations and associated control equipment. Salyut had buffer chemical batteries, reserve supplies of oxygen and water, and regeneration systems. Externally mounted were two double sets of solar cell panels that extended like wings from the smaller compartments at each end, the heat regulation system's radiators, and orientation and control devices.

Salyut 1 was modified from one of the Almaz airframes. The unpressurized service module was the modified service module of a Soyuz craft.

[edit] Orion 1 Space Observatory

The astrophysical Orion 1 Space Observatory designed by Grigor Gurzadyan of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia, was installed in the orbital station Salyut 1. Ultraviolet spectrograms of stars were obtained with the help of a mirror telescope of the Mersenn system and a spectrograph of the Wadsworth system using film sensitive in the far ultraviolet. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 32 Å/mm, while the resolution of the spectrograms derived was about 5 Å on 2600 Å. Slitless spectrograms of stars Vega and Beta Centauri between wavelengths 2000 and 3800 Å have been obtained. The telescope was operated by crew member Viktor Patsayev, to become the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth’s atmosphere.

[edit] Specifications

Length - 15.8 m
Maximum diameter - 4.15 m
Habitable volume - 90 m³
Weight at launch - 18,900 kg
Launch vehicle - Proton (three-stage)
Span across solar arrays - about 10 m
Area of solar arrays - 28 m²
Number of solar arrays - 4
Resupply carriers - Salyut 1-type Soyuz
Number of docking ports - 1
Total manned missions - 2
Total long-duration manned missions - 1

[edit] Visiting spacecraft and crews

[edit] Soyuz 10

Salyut 1 with docked Soyuz 10 spacecraft

After taking 24 h for rendezvous and approach, Soyuz 10 docked with Salyut on April 23 and remained docked for 5.5 h. The crew did not transfer to the space station.

Expedition	Crew	Launch Date	Flight Up	Landing Date	Flight Down	Duration (days)	Notes
Soyuz 10	Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev and Nikolai Rukavishnikov	April 23, 1971	Soyuz 10	April 25, 1971	Soyuz 10	0	Failed docking

[edit] Expedition 1 (Soyuz 11)

Soyuz 11 required 3 h 19 min on June 7 to complete docking. The crew transferred to Salyut and their mission was announced as:

Checking and testing the design, units, onboard systems, and equipment of the orbital piloted station
Trying out the methods and autonomous means of the station's orientation and navigation, as well as the systems for controlling the space complex while maneuvering in orbit
Studying geological-geographical objects on Earth's surface, atmospheric formations, and the snow and ice cover of Earth
Studying physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in the atmosphere and outer space in various ranges of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and
Conducting medico-biological studies to determine the possibilities of performing various jobs by the cosmonauts in the station and study the influence of space flight factors on the human organism.

On June 29, after flying 362 orbits docked with Salyut, mission was cut short due of problems aboard the station including an electrical fire. The Soyuz 11 crew transferred back to Soyuz 11 and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. The crew, however, was killed on descent due to a loss of cabin atmosphere and of non-wearing of pressure suits; after this pressure suits were worn during launch, docking-maneuvers and reentry.

Expedition	Crew	Launch Date	Flight Up	Landing Date	Flight Down	Duration (days)	Notes
Soyuz 11	Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev, Vladislav Volkov	June 6, 1971 04:55:09 UTC	Soyuz 11	June 29, 1971 23:16:52 UTC	Soyuz 11	23.77	Crew died on reentry

[edit] Reentry

Salyut was moved to higher orbits in July and August 1971 to ensure that it would not end through early orbital decay. On October 11, the Salyut engines were fired for the last time to lower its orbit and ensure prompt decay over the Pacific Ocean. After 175 days in space the first real space station died. Pravda (October 26, 1971) reported that the Salyut tasks were carried out in 75 percent of the cases by optical means, in 20 percent by radio-technical means, and the small balance by magneto-metrical, gravitational, and other studies. Synoptic readings were taken in both the visible and invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.