Seismic source
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A seismic source generates controlled seismic energy that is used in both reflection and refraction seismic surveys. A seismic source can be simple, such as dynamite, or it can use more sophisticated technology, such as a specialized air gun. The source provides a pulse of energy that generates seismic waves, which travel through a medium such as water or layers of rocks. Some of the waves then reflect and refract to receivers, such as geophones or hydrophones.
[edit] Non-explosive sources
[edit] Air gun
An air gun is used for marine reflection and refraction surveys. It consists of one or more pneumatic chambers that are pressurized with air. The air gun array is submerged below the water surface, and is towed behind a ship. The air gun is released when a bolt is retracted, allowing the air to escape the chamber and to produce a pulse of energy.