Sequence diagram

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Example of a UML 2 diagram

The well-known Message Sequence Chart technique has been incorporated into the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram under the name of Sequence Diagram. A sequence diagram shows, as parallel vertical lines, different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and, as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur. This allows the specification of simple runtime scenarios in a graphical manner.

For instance, the UML 1.x diagram on the right describes the sequences of messages of a (simple) Restaurant System. This diagram represents a Patron ordering food and wine, drinking wine then eating the food, and finally paying for the food. The dotted lines extending downwards indicate the timeline, time flows from top to bottom. The arrows represent messages (stimuli) from an actor or object to other objects. For example, the Patron sends message 'pay' to the Cashier. Half arrows indicate asynchronous method calls.

The UML 2.0 Sequence Diagram supports similar notation to the UML 1.x Sequence Diagram with added support for modeling variations to the standard flow of events.

[edit] Parts of a Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram generally shows the interaction between objects over the progression of time. Thus, the first symbol required is that to represent an object. More correctly, a lifeline is drawn. It is a vertically dashed line which has as its top a rectangle indicating the instance and class names in the standard UML format of

 instance name : class name

If the lifeline is that of an object, it is underlined (if not it is a role). Note that leaving the instance name blank can represent anonymous and unnamed instances.

In order to display interaction, messages are used. These are horizontal arrows with the message name written above them. Solid arrows with full heads are synchronous calls, solid arrows with stick heads are asynchronous calls and dashed arrows with stick heads are return messages. This definition is true as of UML 2, considerably different from UML 1.x.

Activation boxes, or method-call boxes, are opaque rectangles drawn on top of lifelines to represent that processes are being performed in response to the message.

Objects calling methods on themselves use messages and add new activation boxes on top of any others to indicate a further level of processing.

When an object is destroyed (removed from memory), an X is drawn on top of the lifeline, and the dashed line ceases to be drawn below it (this is not the case in the first example though). It should be the result of a message, either from the object itself, or another.

A message sent from outside the diagram can be represented by a message originating from a filled-in circle.

A Superstep is a series of Steps in an UML-Model, which are caused just by one external stimuli. If an UML (UTC)-Model as a reaction to external changes, is able to perform more than one step without additional external stimuli.

[edit] Usage and limitations

Some systems have simple dynamic behavior that can be expressed in terms of specific sequences of messages between a small, fixed number of objects or processes. In such cases sequence diagrams can completely specify the system's behavior. Often, behavior is more complex, e.g. when the set of communicating objects is large or highly variable, when there many branch points (e.g. exceptions), when there are complex iterations, or synchronization issues such as resource contention. In such cases, sequence diagrams cannot completely describe the system's behavior, but they can specify typical use cases for the system, small details in its behavior, and simplified overviews of its behavior.