Herbert Hoover
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| Herbert Clark Hoover | |
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| In office March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1933 |
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| Vice President(s) | Charles Curtis |
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| Preceded by | Calvin Coolidge |
| Succeeded by | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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| Born | August 10, 1874 West Branch, IA |
| Died | October 20, 1964 New York City, New York |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Lou Henry Hoover |
Herbert Clark Hoover Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933), was a world-famous mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. As a United States Commerce Secretary in the 1920s under Presidents Harding and Coolidge, he promoted economic modernization. In the presidential election of 1928 Hoover easily won the Republican nomination. The nation was prosperous and optimistic, leading to a landslide for Hoover over the Democrat Al Smith, a Catholic whose religion was distrusted by many. Hoover deeply believed in the Efficiency Movement (a major component of the Progressive Era), arguing that there were technical solutions to all social and economic problems. That position was challenged by the Great Depression, which began in 1929, the first year of his presidency. He energetically tried to combat the depression with many new programs, such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, but none of them worked since he and Congress failed to acknowledge the disastrous effects of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which throttled US trade, endangered retaliatory tariffs, and began a cascade of international bank failures. The consensus among historians is that Hoover's defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by failure to end the downward spiral into deep depression, compounded by popular opposition to prohibition, Hoover's lack of charisma in relating to voters, and his poor skills in working with politicians.
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