Tailings

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Tailings (also known as tailings pile, tails, leach residue, or slickens^[1]) are the materials left over^[2] after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the worthless fraction of an ore.

Tailings represent external costs of mining. As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Yesterdays tails can be tomorrows resource, as seen during the 1990's when the extensive tailings dumps of Kalgoorlie / Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably by KalTails Mining.

In coal and oil sands mining, the word 'tailings' refers specifically to fine waste suspended in water.

1 Tailings Composition
2 Environmental and Social Considerations
3 Tailings Disposal Methods
4 External links
5 Footnotes

[edit] Tailings Composition

The composition of tailings is directly dependent on the composition of the ore and the process of mineral extraction used on the ore.

Certain types of extraction process, like heap leaching for example, may result in quantities of chemicals used to perform the leaching remaining in the material once leaching has been completed. Older forms of mineral extraction, such as those utilised during the early gold boom years of Australian gold mining, resulted in large heaps of fine tailings being left dotted around the landscape. These tailings dumps would continue to leach residual chemicals into the environment, and if weather conditions allowed it the finer fraction would become windborne, blowing around the townships surrounding the now-dormant mining areas.

Typically, the bulk quantity of a tailings product will be barren rock, crushed and ground to a fine size ranging from coarse sands down to a talcum powder consistency.

Tailings may contain quantities of heavy metals found in the host ore, and they may contain added chemicals used in the extraction process. Elements are rarely in elemental form, more often as complex compounds.

Common minerals and elements found in Tailings

Arsenic - Found in association with gold ores
Barite
Calcite
Fluorite
Radioactive materials - Naturally present in many ores
Mercury
Sulfur - Forms many sulfide compounds / pyrites
Cadmium
Hydrocarbons - Introduced by mining and processing equipment (oils & greases)

Common additives found in Tailings

Cyanide - as both Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) and Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN). Leaching agent.
SEX - Sodium Ethyl Xanthate. Floatation agent.
PAX - Potassium Amyl Xanthate. Floatation agent.
MIBC - Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol. Frothing agent.
Sulfamic acid - Cleaning / descaling agent.
Sulfuric acid - Used in large quantities in the PAL process (Pressure Acid Leaching).
Activated Carbon - Used in CIP (Carbon In Pulp) and CIL (Carbon In Leach) processes.
Calcium - Different compounds, introduced as Lime to aid in pH control.

[edit] Environmental and Social Considerations

Tailings in general, are often pointed at by environmentally active groups as evidence of the destruction that mining operations can wreak upon the planet. And to a degree, they have a valid point. In the past, non-environmentally friendly methods were the method of the day - profit at all costs being the main motivator. In todays modern mining environment, it is possible to find many mining operators continuing to engage in tailings disposal methods that are not environmentally friendly, particularly in developing nations where legislative requirements are far less than first world countries, and the need for quick cash overrules any environmental considerations.

There is, however, a strong push from the leading mining houses of the planet to support the cessation of unsustainable tailings disposal practises. Unsustainable, in the sense that continuing to blatantly pollute the local environment damages a mining company's social license to operate, and by default damages the social license's of ALL mining companies. It is in the mining industry's best interests to support efforts to prevent and halt non-sustainable tailings disposal methods.

Reprocessing of old tailings dumps and dams has assisted in the cleaning up of legacy tailings dumps, with the reproccessed tailings being disposed of using a more effective method than a simple surface dump.

[edit] Tailings Disposal Methods

Pond Storage

There are many different subsets of this method. Large earthen dams may be constructed and then filled with the tailings. Tailings may be depositied into natural geographical depressions. Exhausted open pit mines may be refilled with tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to contamination of the underlying water table, amongst other issues. Dewatering is an important part of pond storage, as the tailings is added to the storage facility the water is removed - usually by draining into decant tower structures. The water removed can thus be reused in the processing cycle. Once a storage facility is filled and completed, the surface can be covered with topsoil and revegetation commenced, however unless a non-permeable capping method is used the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future.

Disposal into underground workings

While disposal into exhausted open pit's is generally a straightforward operation, disposal into underground voids is more complex. A common modern approach is to mix a certain quantity of tailings with waste aggregate and cement, creating a product that can be used to backfill underground voids and stopes. A common term for this is HDPF - High Density Paste Fill. HDPF is a more expensive method of tailings disposal than pond storage, however it has many other benefits - not just environmental but it can significantly increase the stability of underground excavations by providing a means for ground stress to be transmitted across voids - rather than having to pass around them - which can cause mining induced seismic events like that suffered recently at the Beaconsfield Mine Disaster

Disposal into river systems

Usually called RTD - Rivering Tailings Disposal. Not a particularly environmentally sound practise, it has seen significant utilisation in the past, leading to such spectacular environmental damage as done by the Mt Lyell Mining Company in Tasmania to the King River. It is still practised at some operations in the world, and while experts agree it is a feasible metgid for locations where the river is rapidly flowing and turbulent and the additional silt loading will not impact on the river quality, it is not generally favored and is seeing a gradual decline in use.

Disposal into the oceans

Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). If a mine is located in close proximity to the coast, and the coast itself is not an excessive distance from a continental shelf, STD is conceptually an excellent method for the disposal of tailings. Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practially, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth of discharge is often what would be considered shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product. It is also critical to control the density and temperature of the tailings product, to prevent it from travelling long distances, or even floating to the surface. The Solwara project being commenced in the Bismark Sea by Nautilus Minerals proposes to use a modified STD method back down to depths below 1500 metres. Many countries specifically outlaw the use of STD methods.

Different Methods

Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in generic looking waste dumps or stockpiles. This would allow the current use of rivering disposal to cease. Considerable work remains to be done.